ADJ CLS

INTRODUCTION

Relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayan cümledir. Ancak tek başına kullanılamaz. Bir temel cümleye bağlı olarak tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bir ismi tanımladığı için relative clause "adjective clause" biçiminde de isimlendirilebilir.

Sıfat tanımladığı isimden önce gelir. Relative clause ise tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir.

• The student who is the best in the classroom is Ayşe. (relative clause)
• The best student in the classroom is Ayşe. (adjective)
• The money which was stolen from the bank hasn't been found yet. (relative clause)
• The stolen money hasn't been found yet. (adjective)

Relative clause'lar, tanımlayan (defining) ve tanımlamayan (non-defining) biçiminde ikiye ayrılır. 

Defining relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayarak diğerlerinden ayırt etmemizi sağlar.
"The man" dediğimiz zaman karşımızdaki kişi hangi adamdan söz ettiğimizi anlayamaz.
 Ancak, "the man who is standing at the corner" (köşede duran adam) ifadesinde "the man" artık belli bir kişi durumuna geçmiştir.

Non-defining relative clause, zaten tanımlanmış bir isimden sonra gelir. "My father" dediğimiz zaman, karşımızdaki kişi kimden söz edeceğimizi zaten anlamış durumdadır. Eğer biz bu ismi bir daha tanımlıyorsak bu non-defining relative clause'dur. Yani o isim hakkında fazladan bilgi veren bir cümleciktir:

  "my father, who lives in Germany..." (Almanya'da oturan babam....)

• The man who will come to see you tomorrow wants to do business with you. (Defining)        
   Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan adam seninle iş yapmak istiyor.
• Mr. Jones, who will come to see you tomorrow, wants to do business with you. (Non-definin)Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan Mr. Jones seninle iş yapmak istiyor.

1- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

1-1 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE

Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa, onun yerine kullanabileceğimiz sözcükler who, that ve which dir. 

• Who, sadece insanlar için, which bütün cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için, that ise hepsi için kullanılabilir.

"Crowd, audience, class" gibi grup isimleri, insanlardan oluşmalarına rağmen, eğer kurumu kastediyorsak, tekil bir fiille that ya da which kullanmayı gerektirir. Ancak bu kurumu oluşturan bireyleri kastediyorsak, çoğul bir fiille who kullanılır ki bu kullanım defining relative clause için pek yaygın değildir.

• A staff is inevitably inefficient. It is not well-trained.
• A staff which/that is not well-trained is inevitably inefficient.
• The staff are calling for a strike. They are dissatisfied with their conditions.
• The staff, who are dissatisfied with their conditions, are calling for a strike.
• I congratulated the student. She got the highest mark.
• I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
  
                                          that  got the highest mark.

• Can you repair the chair?   It is in the study room.
• Can you repair the chair     which  is in the study roo                                       that     is in the study room?

Relative  clause  tanımladığı  isimden  sonra  gelir.   Bu   nedenle,   tanımlayacağımız  isim   temel cümlenin öznesi ise, relative clause özne ile yüklemin arasında yer alır.

• The student is happy. She got the highest mark on the test.
• The student who got the highest mark on the test is happy.
•                    that got the highest mark on the test

• The chair is broken. It is in the study room.
• The chair which is in the study room it
•                  that is in the study room

Bazen tanımladığımız  isme  ait  başka  sözcükler  olabilir. Bu durumda  relative  clause, bu sözcüklerden sonra gelir.

• There is someone at the door. He wants to see you.
• There is someone at the door who wants to see you.   (Kapıda sizinle görüşmek isteyen biri var.)

Who, that ve which'den sonra gelen fiilin tekil ya da çoğul olması tanımladığı isme bağlıdır. Eğer isim tekil ya da sayılamaz ise tekil bir fiil: çoğul bir isim ise çoğul bir fiil kullanılır.

• The person who lives next to us is an engineer.
• The people who live next to us are very friendly.
• The plate which is on the counter is dirty.
• The plates which are on the counter are dirty.
• The milk which is in the bottle is for the baby.

Relative clause ile temel cümlenin tense'i farklı zamanlara ait olabilir.

• The man who was run over by a truck yesterday is in the intensive care unit now.
• I don't think the chair which was broken yesterday can be repaired.

Ancak, bazı durumlarda, tense uyuşması gerekebilir. Örneğin "I congratulated the student .... " ifadesini "who gets the highest mark" biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü "kutladım" diyebilmemiz için tanımladığımız ismin bir şey yapmış olması gerekir. Yani o da past time'a aittir.

• I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
• I helped the woman who had difficulty carrying the heavy shopping bags.
• They will give a prize to the person who wins the competition.
• They gave a prize to the person who won the competition.

1-2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB

Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise insanlar için who, whom, that; cansız varlıklar, hayvanlar ve grup isimleri için which, that kullanılır.

• The applicant is suitable for the job.
• We interviewed her yesterday.
• The applicant who  we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
•                       whom we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
•                        that we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.

The book is very interesting.

I bought it last week.

The book which I bought last week is very interesting.

                         that I bought last week is very interesting.

Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise who, whom, that ve which relative sözcüklerini kullanmayabiliriz.

The applicant we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.

The book I bought last week is very interesting.

The man was a sales representative.

We met him yesterday.

The man who   we met yesterday was a sales representative.

                 whom we met yesterday was a sales representative.

                that   we met yesterday was a sales representative.

                Ø   we met yesterday was a sales representative.

1-3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Tanımlayacağımız isim tanımlayan cümlede bir preposition'ın nesnesi durumunda kullanılmışsa, bu preposition relative clause'da da kullanılır
.

The man wasn't satisfied with the deal.

I bought this car from him.
.

The man who   I bought this car from wasn't satisfied with the deal.

            whom  I bought this car from wasn't satisfied with the deal.

              that   I bought this car from wasn't satisfied with the deal.

              Ø   bought this car from wasn't satisfied with the deal.

Tanımladığımız isme  ait preposition'ı  relative sözcüğünden  önce kullanırsak,  insanlar için sadece "whom", nesneler için ise sadece "which" kullanılır.

The man from whom I bought this car wasn't satisfied with the deal.

The case about which I told you is very important.

The girl is very messy. I'm sharing the flat with her.

The girl who       I'm sharing the flat with is very messy.

whom    I'm sharing the flat with is very messy.

that       I'm sharing the flat with is very messy.

Ø          I'm sharing the flat with is very messy.

The girl with whom I'm sharing the flat is very messy.

1-4 USING "WHOSE" AND "OF WHICH"

Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede iyelik bildiriyorsa, hem insanlar hem de nesneler için "whose" kullanılır.

Do you know the man? His car was stolen.

Do you know the man whose car was stolen?

The man is our next-door neighbour. I want to buy his car.

The man whose car I want to buy is our next-door neighbour.

Can you repair the chair? Its legs are broken.

Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken?

The book was my friend's. I accidentally tore its cover.

The book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friend's.

Nesneler için "whose" yerine "of which" de kullanabiliriz. Ancak "of which" in defining relative clause'larda kullanımı çok enderdir. Daha çok non-defining relative clause'larda kullanılır.

This is the machine. I described its properties.This is the machine whose properties I described.This is the machine the properties of which I described.

The houses are being repaired now. Their roofs were damaged during the last storm.

The houses whose roofs were damaged during the last storm are being repaired now.

I can't open the door. Its handle is broken.I can't open the door whose handle is broken.

Eğer tanımladığımız iyelik bildiren ismin kendine ait bir proposition’ı varsa, bu preposition'ı relative clause'un sonunda veya "whose"un önünde kullanabiliriz.

This is the man. Jake is going out with his daughter.This is the man whose daughter Jake is going out with
                        with whose daughter Jake is going out.

Do you remember the man? I told you about his love affairs.Do you remember the man whose love affairs I told you?
                           about whose love affairs I told you?

"Of which"li yapıda preposition, "of'un önündeki isimden önce yer alır.

The mountain is a part of the mountain range Bozdağ. You see snow on its top.

The mountain on the top of which/on whose top you see snow is a part of the mountain range Bozdağ.

1-5 USING "WHERE"

Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede yer bildiriyorsa (dolaylı tümleç ise) relative sözcüğü olarak "where" kullanabiliriz.

I liked the seaside resort. We spent our holiday there (in that town) last summer.I liked the seaside resort where we spent our holiday last summer.

Don't clean the room today. My son is studying in that room.Don't clean the room today where my son is studying.

Yer bildiren bir ismi tanımlarken which ve that kullanabiliriz ya da hiçbir relative sözcüğü kullanmadan, relative clause getirebiliriz. Ancak, which ve that kullandığımızda ya da boş bıraktığımızda, o isme ait preposition'ı mutlaka kullanmak zorundayız.

I liked the seaside resort which we spent our holiday in last summer.                                       that       we spent our holiday in last summer.
                                          Ø           we spent our holiday in last summer.
                                      in which     we spent our holiday last summer.

Bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa, onu tanımlarken "where" kullanamayız. Where kullanabilmemiz için o ismin, "at the cinema, to the theatre, in the country, etc." gibi yer belirtmesi gerekir.

I like the house. It has a large garden. (It – subject)

I like the house which    has a large garden.

                         that   has a large garden.

1-6 USING "WHEN"

Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede "on that day, in that year, at that hour, etc." biçiminde bir zaman belirtiyorsa, when, which, that kullanabilir ya da bir relative sözcüğü kullanmadan relative clause getirebiliriz. Bunlardan sadece which, preposition kullanmayı gerektirir. Preposition which'in önünde kullanılır: on which, at which, etc.


1923 is the year. The Republic of Turkey was founded then. (in that year)

1923 is the year when    the Republic of Turkey was founded.

                         that   the Republic of Turkey was founded.

                         Ø      the Republic of Turkey was founded.

                       in which the Republic of Turkey was founded.

(1923, Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin kurulduğu yıldır.)

1-7    USING "WHY"

"Reason" sözcüğünden sonra neden ifade eden bir cümlecik getiriyorsak, why, that, ya da for which kullanabiliriz. Ya da hiçbirini kullanmadan direk relative clause getirebiliriz.

The reason why     we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our recent problems.

                  that   we are holding this meeting

                   Ø     we are holding this meeting

                 for which   we are holding this meeting

Reason, explanation gibi isimleri, "..... ileri sürdüğü neden, ..... yaptığı açıklama" gibi ifadeler için kullanıyorsak, "why" kullanamayız. Bu anlamda onları diğer cansız varlıklar gibi düşünüp which, that kullanabilir ya da her ikisini de kaldırabiliriz.

The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all.  
                 which   he gave us for the delay
                  Ø      he gave us for the delay

1-8 USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS

Bir relative clause everybody, someone, anybody, etc. gibi belgisiz zamirleri tanımlayabilir. Eğer tanımladığımız zamir, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa who ya da that kullanılır. Nesne durumundaysa, who, whom ya da that kullanabiliriz ama genellikle relative sözcüğü kullanılmaz.

Everybody who came to the party was elegantly dressed.
                 that came to the party

Everybody whom  I met said that he was dishonest.

                who   I met

                  that     I met 
                    Ø       I met

Anything, something, nothing gibi sözcükleri tanımlarken which çok ender kullanılır. Onun yerine that tercih edilir. Eğer tanımlanan sözcük nesne durumundaysa relative sözcüğü kullanmamak daha yaygındır.

Everything that was said at the debate was true.

Everything that he said at the debate was true.

                   Ø    he said at the debate was true.

Bir relative clause I, we, they, etc. gibi zamirleri tanımlayabilir.

It was I who objected to the proposal.

             that objected to the proposal, (daha çok "who" kullanılır.)

Öneriye karşı çıkan bendim.                             

Those sözcüğünü tanımlarken insanlar için daha çok who, nesneler için ise which kullanılır ancak her ikisi için that de kullanabiliriz.

Only the people who/that are members can enter the club.

Only those who/that are members can enter the club.

Bu iki cümlenin Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Birinci cümleyi "Kulübe, sadece üye olan kişiler girebilir." ; ikinci cümleyi ise "Kulübe sadece üye olanlar girebilir." biçiminde çevirebiliriz.

The students who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance.

Those who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance.

(Pikniğe gelmek isteyen öğrenciler.......... Pikniğe gelmek isteyenler......)

- Shall I bring all the books?

- No, I need only those which/that are on the top shelf.

2- NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Zaten tanımlanmış, bilinen bir ismi niteleyen cümleye non-defining relative clause denir. Bu isimleri su şekilde gruplandırabiliriz.

a) Proper nouns (özel isimler):

The person who lives above us is an engineer. (defining)Mr. Smith, who lives above us, is an engineer. (non-defining)

A country which is by the sea is usually a tourist attraction. (defining)Turkey, which is surrounded by the sea on three sides, is of strategic importance.      (non-defining)

b) Nouns with preceding modifiers (Başka niteleme sözcükleriyle tanımlanmış isimler):

A mother who is very permissive with her children doesn't necessarily mean a good mother. (defining)My mother, who lives in Germany now, was moderately permissive with us. (non-defining)

Any bus which comes here already full doesn't stop at this bus-stop. (defining)This bus, which usually comes here already full, goes direct to Kadıköy. (non-defining)

The book which is on the table belongs to me. (defining)That green book, which is on the table, belongs to me. (non-defining)

Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen bazı sözcüklerle de tanımlanmış olabilir.

The man who was working at the shop was friendly. (defining)The man at the shop, who gave my son a sweet, was friendly. (non-defining)

The table which is in the kitchen needs repairing. (defining)The table in the kitchen, which we usually have our breakfast on, needs repairing.          (non-defining)

c) Coat, rice, milk, flower, etc. gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanıldığı zaman, zaten herkesçe bilinen isimler olduğu için, non-defining relative clause alır.

Flowers, which almost everybody likes, need special care to grow.(general-non-defining)The flowers which are sold at that florist's are usually fresh.(specific-defining)Milk, which is essential for everybody of all ages, should be boiled well.(general-non-defining)The milk which we get from that dairy is really delicious. (specific-defining)

Non-defining relative clause ile that hiç bir durumda kullanılmaz. Diğer relative sözcükleri who, whom, which, whose, where ve when kullanılır. Non-defining relative clause, eğer araya giriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda yer alıyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrılır.

Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children.I can rely on Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me.

2-1 SUBJECT POSITION

Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz.

My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now.My father, who is over sixty now, lives in Germany.

Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago.Our television set, which was bought eight years ago, has become erratic.

2-2 OBJECT POSITION

Nesne durumunda, insanlar için who ya da whom, cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için which kullanabiliriz. Who, whom ve which sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir.

My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday.My father, whom you met yesterday, lives in Germany.

, who    you met yesterday.

Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago.Our television set, which we bought eight years ago, has become erratic.

Eğer isim, bir preposition'ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition'ı relative clause'un sonunda kullanırsak who ya da whom, başında kullanırsak sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine which kullanılır.

Mr Smith is an honest person. I've been working with him for five years.

Mr Smith, whom            I've been working with for five years, is an honest person.

               , who            I've been working with for five years, is an honest person.

              , with whom    I've been working for five years, is an honest person.

My car is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up for it for two years.My car, which I had saved up for for two-years, is beginning to cause trouble           
             , for which I had saved up for two years,

2-3 POSSESSIVE

Bütün isimler için whose kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için "of which" de kullanabiliriz ama bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.

My classmate Susan doesn’t want to be a doctor.  Her parents are both doctors.

My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn't want to be a doctor.

Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink.

Their house, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money.

, the exterior of which they painted pink,

Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition’ı whose'un önünde ya da relative clause'un sonunda kullanabiliriz.

Mr Clark is leaving hospital tomorrow. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery.

Mr Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about, is leaving hospital tomorrow.

, about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,

Uludağ is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top.Uludağ, whose top  you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.

            , on whose top   you can always see snow,           
            , on the top of which you can always see snow,

2-4 "WHERE" IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause'larda da where kullanabiliriz.

Istanbul has many problems to solve. More than ten million people live there.(in Istanbul)

Istanbul, where  more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve
             , which  more  than  ten  million people  live in,
             , in which more  than  ten million people  live.

Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız. Sadece which kullanabiliriz.

Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown. (It — Subject)
Salihli, which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey.

Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I like it very much, (it — object)
Salihli, which I like very much, is located in the west of  Turkey.

Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was born there. (in Salihli — adverb of place)

Salihli, where I was born, is located in the west of Turkey.

, which       I was born in,

, in which  I was born,    

2-5 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

One of, all of, most of, none of, etc. gibi ifadeleri, hem insanları hem de nesneleri tanımlarken kullanabiliriz. Bu ifadeleri relative clause'da insanlar için one of whom, some of whom, most of whom, etc. biçiminde, nesneler için ise one of which, some of which, most of which, etc. biçiminde kullanırız. Eğer tanımladığımız isim possessive durumundaysa, one of whose, some of whose, etc. gibi ifadeler kullanabiliriz.

Sally has two very close friends. Both of them are interested in music like her.
Sally has two very close friends, both of whom are interested in music like her.

Sally has very nice parents. I like both of them very much.
Sally has very nice parents, both of whom I like very much.


I want to introduce you to my friend Sally.  One of her biggest interests is classical music.
1 want to introduce you to my friend Sally, one of whose biggest interests is classical music.

She bought many things at the store. Only a few of them were necessary.
She bought many things at the store, only a few of which were necessary.

There are many films on this week. I'm quite interested in two of them.
There are many films on this week, two of which I'm quite interested in.

I watched a film on TV last night. Some of its scenes were disgusting.
I watched a film on TV last night, some of whose scenes were disgusting

2-6 USING "WHICH" TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE

Bazen bir relative clause tek bir sözcüğü değil de bütün bir cümleyi tanımlayabilir. Bu durumda relative sözcüğü olarak sadece which kullanılır. Relative clause temel cümlenin sonuna eklenir ve bir virgülle cümleden ayrılır.

She got a rather low grade on the test. That surprised me.

She got a rather low grade on the test, which surprised me.

Testten çok düşük bir not aldı ki bu da beni şaşırttı.

It's impossible for us to catch the train. This will be very bad.

It's impossible for us to catch the train, which will be very bad.

Trene yetişmemiz imkansız ki bu da çok kötü olacak.

Bu örneklerde that ve this, birinci cümlenin yerine kullanılmıştır. Birinci cümlenin yerine kullandığımız this ya da that, bazen ikinci cümlenin ortalarında yer alabilir. Bunu relative clause'a çevirirken which virgülden hemen sonra gelmek durumundadır.

They invited me to their wedding. I appreciated that very much.

They invited me to their wedding, which I appreciated very much.

Beni düğünlerine davet etliler ki bu da çok hoşuma gitti.

Bu yapıyla ifade ettiğimiz cümleleri genellikle başka şekillerde de ifade edebiliriz.

He helped me. That was kind of him.

He helped me, which was kind of him. (=It was kind of him to help me.)

They lent me a large sum. That was generous of them.

They lent me a large sum, which was generous of them.

(=It was generous of them to lend me a large sum.)

3- RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Relative clause'larda kullandığımız that, which, who, when, where gibi sözcükleri noun clause ve adverb clause ile de kullanabiliriz. Aradaki farkı şu örneklerle inceleyelim.

I don't know the city   where he lives.

                   (noun)    (relative clause)

I don't know   where he lives.

              (verb)    (noun clause)

Örneklerde de gördüğümüz gibi, relative clause daima bir isimden sonra, noun clause ise bir fiilden sonra gelir. Örnekteki relative clause'u başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz.

I don't know the city where he lives.

                                that     he lives in.
                                 which      he lives in.
                                 Ø       he lives in.
                                  in which he lives.

Noun clause'u bir tek biçimde ifade edebiliriz.

I don't know where he lives.

They got married on a day   when I was abroad.
                               (noun)     (relative clause)

(Benim yurt dışında olduğum bir günde evlendiler.)

They got married   when I was abroad.

             (verb)          (adverbial clause)

(Ben yurt dışındayken evlendiler.)

I want to know the students   who/that are coming with us.

                           (noun)                (relative clause)

(Bizimle gelecek öğrencileri öğrenmek istiyorum.)

I want to know   who are (is) coming with us.

                 (verb)            (noun clause)

(Bizimle kimlerin geleceğini öğrenmek istiyorum.)

What bir isimden sonra gelmez. Genellikle bir fiilden sonra gelir ya da özne durumundaki bir noun clause'un başında bulunur. What, the thing that/the things that* anlamındadır.

I don't know   what he bought. (Ne aldığını bilmiyorum.)           (verb)      (noun clause)

I don't know the thing   that he bought. (Aldığı şeyi bilmiyorum.)

                     (noun)    (relative clause)

What he said wasn't so important.
(noun clause)

The thing that he said wasn't so important.
                (relative clause)

*Burada that yerine which de kullanılabilir; ama, that kullanımı daha yaygındır.

4- REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

Bir relative clause'u, anlamını hiç bozmadan, cümle olmaktan çıkarıp sözcük öbeği biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.

The boy who is running towards us is my son.
The boy        running towards us is my son.

The money which was stolen from the bank has been recovered.
The money                 stolen from the bank has been recovered.

Bir relative clause'u kısaltabilmemiz için, who, that, which sözcüklerinin relative clause'da özne durumunda bulunması gerekir. Yani, relative clause'un bu sözcüklerden başka bir öznesinin olmaması gerekir. Eğer varsa, o cümlede kısaltma yapamayız.

The boy who you met yesterday is my son. (kısaltılamaz)
              whom you met yesterday
               that    you met yesterday
               Ø       you met yesterday

The money which I lost last week has been recovered. (kısaltılamaz)
                    that   I lost last week
                     Ø      I lost last week

Bir relative clause'u şu şekillerde kısaltabiliriz:

a) Present participle: the boy running, the people waiting for the bus, etc.

Eğer relative clause'un tense'i, present ve past continuous, simple present ya da simple past tense ve yüklemi active ise kısaltmada present participle kullanılır.

The man who lives upstairs is making too much noise.

The man        living upstairs is making too much noise.

The woman who is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman        talking to the teacher is my mother.

The customers who wanted  to see the manager looked very angry.
The customers       wanting to see the manager looked very angry.

The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children                playing in the rain seemed very happy.

I need a bottle which holds     two litres of liquid.
I need a bottle          holding two litres of liquid.

The tree which blocked the road was blown down by the storm.
The tree           blocking the road was blown down by the storm.

Aynı kuralları göz önüne  alarak, non-defining relative  clause'larda  da kısaltma yapabiliriz. Kısaltılan bölümü yine virgülle cümlenin devamından ayırmamız gerekir.

Her parents, who expect her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can't.

Her parents,      expecting her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can't.

Mary, who wanted to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.

Mary,         wanting to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.

My son, who is playing with children over there, is very sensitive.
My son,           playing with children over there, is very sensitive.

b) Past participle: the money stolenjrom the bonk, the explanations made by the Prime Minister, etc.

Relative clause'un yüklemi passive ise kısaltmada past participle kullanılır.

The child who was punished by the teacher was standing in the comer.
The child               punished by the teacher was standing in the corner.

I like to listen to songs which are sung in Turkish.
I like to listen to songs               sung in Turkish.

Her husband, who was promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
Her husband,              promoted to a higher position, will get more money.

c) Be + adjective phrase

The girl who is happy with the result is smiling.

The girl           happy with the result is smiling. 
                                                _;

Anyone who is interested in animals can join our club.
Anyone           interested in animals can join our club.

1 need a box which is big enough    to hold these books.
I need a box              big enough to hold these books.

My car, which was much cheaper than yours, hasn't caused me any trouble.
My car,                 much cheaper than yours, hasn't caused me any trouble.

d) Be + prepositional phrase

The books which are on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
The books                on the top shelf are difficult Lo reach.

The people who were along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The people                along both sides of the road were watching the parade.

The students who are in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
The students             in the canteen must not be aware of the time.

e) To + infinitive

The first, the second, the last, the only gibi ifadelerden sonra, bazen de superlative'lerden sonra relative clause "to do" biçiminde kısaltılabilir.

Yesterday, I was the last person who left the office.

Yesterday, I was the last person to leave the office.

(Dün bürodan en son aynlan itişi bendim.)

I'm usually the first person who leaves the office.

I'm usually the first person to leave the office.

(Genellikle bürodan ilk ayrılan kişi ben olurum.)

Eğer relative clause'un yüklemi passive ise, kısaltmada passive infinitive "to be done" kullanılır.

The only man that was seen there that day was Mr Smith.

The only man to be seen there that day was Mr Smith.

(O gün orada görülen tek kişi Mr Smith idi.)

The best route that can be followed is through the woods.
The best route to be followed        is through the woods.
(izlenecek en iyi yol koruluktan geçendir.)

To + infinitive biçimindeki kısaltmayı something, anything, nothing, someone, anybody, etc. gibi sözcüklerden sonra ve zorunluluk, gereklilik ifade ederken pek çok isimden sonra kullanabiliriz.

Would you like something that you can read?

Would you like something to read?

It's cold outside. I need something that I can put on.

I need something to put on.

There was nothing that we could eat.

There was nothing to eat.

I have a lot of work that I must do.

I have a lot of work to do.

Today, I will have many clients that I must deal with.

Today, I will have many clients to deal with.

We need a larger box that we can put these books in.

We need a larger box to put these books in.

The children need a playground that they can play in.

The children need a playground to play in.

f) Appositive Phrase

Appositive phrase, bir isme açıklık kazandırmak için, isimden sonra kullanılan bir isim ya da zamir grubudur. Appositive phrase, fazladan bilgi verdiği için, virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılır.

Mr Jones, who is the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.

Mr Jones, the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.

İsmet İnönü, who was the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of Atatürk's.

İsmet İnönü, the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of Atatürk's.

Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than İstanbul.

Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.

Basketball, which is my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.

Basketball, my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.

g) A Perfect Participial Phrase

Relative clause'un tense'i simple past,   present ve past perfect  tense  ise  kısaltmada  active eylemler için  having done, passive eylemler için having been done kullanabiliriz.

The students who attended our course last year will get a discount this year.

The students having attended our course last year will get a discount this year.

(Geçen yıl kursumuza devam etmiş olan öğrencilere bu yıl indirim yapılacaktır.)

The students who have finished their work can go out.

The students having finished their work can go out.

(Ödevini bitiren /bitirmiş olan öğrenciler dışan çıkabilir.)

Mary, who had finished her work, left the classroom after the teacher’s announcement.

Mary, having finished her work, left the classroom after the teacher's announcement.

(İşini bitiren/bitirmiş olan Mary öğretmenin duyurusundan sonra sınıftan çıktı.)

The passengers, who had travelled more than eight hours, felt exhausted.

The passengers, having travelled more than eight hours, felt exhausted.

(Sekiz saatten fazla yolculuk yapmış olan yolcular bitkin düştüler.)

Non-defining relative phrase, bazen tanımladığı ismin önünde ya da cümlenin sonunda yer alabilir. Özellikle I, he, she, they gibi kişi zamirlerini tanımlıyorsa, bu zamirin önünde yer alır.

She, who was once interested in rock music, now listens to classical.

Once interested in rock music, she now listens to classical.

(Bir zamanlar rock müziğe ilgi duyan o şimdi klasikleri dinliyor.)

Today's people, who aren't thinking of the future generations, are cruelly polluting the earth.

Today's people, not thinking of the future generations, are cruelly polluting the earth.

Not thinking of the future generations, today's people are cruelly polluting the earth.

Today’s people are cruelly polluting the earth, not thinking of the future generations.

(Gelecek nesilleri düşünmeyen günümüz insanı dünyayı zalimce kirletiyor.)

REDUCTIONS / TEST 1

1- This illness, ......... to be caused by a virus, cannot be

treated with antibiotics.

A) believing B) having believed

C) to have believed D) to believe

E) believed

2-The boy ......... by the dog was given an injection

against rabies.

A) biting B) to have bitten

C) bitten D) to bite

E) having bitten

3-......... from the thirteenth century, the 'Kızıl Kule',

or 'Red Tower', in Alanya was very skilfully

restored in the 1950s.

A) To date B) Dating

C) Having dated D) To be dated

E) To be dating

4-Every 10 YTL .......... to the charity will pay for one

tree to be planted as part of the city's tree

campaign.

A) given B) giving

C) to be giving D) to give

E) having given

5-Peter, .......... by his children that it was a good idea,

bought a puppy for them last weekend.

A) to be persuaded B) having been persuaded

C) having persuaded D) persuading

E) to persuade

6-........... goodbye to his brother, David watched the

train pull out of the station.

A) To wave B) Being waved

C) To be waving D) Waving

E) To have waved

7-The best person .......... us some information about

Cyprus is Elif because she used to live there.

A) to give B) given

C) being given D) have given

E) to be given

8-The player, ....... this opponent on two previous

occasions, is quite confident of victory tomorrow.

A) beaten B) to beat

C) beating D) having beaten

E) to have beaten

9-The four students ..... to represent the university

during the inter-university challenge were chosen

yesterday.

A) to trust B) having trusted

C) trusting D) to be trusting

E) being trusted

10-In cycling, the best way ........ smooth, powerful

pedaling is to practise using low to moderate

gears.

A) to achieve B) being achieved

C) achieved D) be achieved

E) to have achieved

11-A reputable supplier ......... care to ensure high

standards is the best place to buy a computer

from.

A) being taken B) taken

C) taking D) to be taking

E) to have taken

12-We have to find time .......... the songs for the

concert.

A) having practised B) to be practised

C) practised D) practising

E) to practise

13-........... his proposal-to the board ofdirectors, the

young manager waited for their reaction to it.

A) To have presented B) Having presented

C) To present D) Presented

E) Being presented

14-Once almost extinct, the silver gray Hawaiian

Monk Seal, ......... since 19O9, now lives in large

numbers in an area northwest of Hawaii.

A) having protected B) protecting

C) to be protecting D) protected

E) to protect

15-Marcus, .... his law degree a few weeks ago, is now

thinking of specialising in criminal law.

A) having obtained B) being obtained

C) to be obtained D) obtaining

E) obtained

REDUCTIONS / TEST 2

1- ......... from the destruction of many forests,

much of the Scottish Highlands is now marshy

wasteland.

A) To result B) To have resulted C) Result

D) Resulted E) Resulting

2- .......... English and Business at University, Elif

is looking for a job in an import office of an

international company.

A) To study B) Studied C) Being studied

D) Having studied E) To have studied

3- What's the name of that new film ..........

Bruce Willis?

A) to have starred B) starred

C) to be starring D) starring

E) having been starred

4- My father, ........ by the doctor, was prescribed

some tablets and told to eat foods ........ little or

no fat.

A) to be examined/having contained

B) to examine/to contain

C) having been examined/containing

D) examining/contained

E) having examined/having been contained

5- I think the carpet......... to me for my birthday is

handmade.

A) to have given B) given C) to give

D) having given E) giving

6- Not ......... for more than twenty minutes, Sarah

was certain that she hadn't got the job.

A) having been interviewed

B) having interviewed

C) interviewing

D) to be interviewed

E) to have interviewed

7- Gregory, not ......... of cigarette smoking,

always asks his guests to smoke outside on the

balcony.

A) to approve B) approved

C) approving D) to have approved

E) being approved

8- All of the people ......... in the accident were

immediately taken to hospital.

A) injuring B) injured C) to have injured

D) to injure E) having injured

9- It would be practical if we fitted some hooks

behind the door ......... our coats on.

A) hung B) hanging C) having hung

D) to be hung E) to hang

10- Air France's jets, ......... specially for the World

Cup with designs featuring football stars,

transported the various teams around France

during the event.

A) to paint B) painting C) to be painted

D) painted E) having painted

11- The first film .......... to a paying audience was

made by two French brothers, Louis and

Auguste Lumiere.

A) showing B) having shown C) shown

D) be shown E) to show

12- I Not one of the stands .......... newspapers and

magazines near the ferry terminal stocks

English publications.

A) to sell B) having sol C) selling

D) sold E) to have sold

13-All the electrical appliances .......... by that

company come with a plug already fitted.

A) having sold B) selling C) to sell

D) sold E) to be selling

14- The only Englishman ever .......... Roman

Catholic pope was Adrian IV in 1154.

A) to be elected B) to elect C) electing

D) been elected E) having elected

15- For weeks after the earthquake, there were

many stories in the newspapers of people

.......... their lives to help free those trapped

under the nibble.

A) to have risked B) to risk C) had risked

D) risked E) having risked

REDUCTIONS / TEST 3

1-Hawks, ........ eagles in the same bird family,

greatly range in size.

A) having resembled B) to resemble

C) resembled D) to have resembled

E) resembling

2-Until the 20th century, the chief raisin producers

were Turkey, Iran and Greece. By mid-century,

however, the United States had taken the lead in

production, with Australia ........ second.

A) ranking B) rank C) to rank

D) be ranked E) to have ranked

3-In the picnic area, we found a shady bank, .........

we stopped and ate our sandwiches.

A) where B) what C) when D) which E) that

4-This brand of orange juice is quite nice, but not

as tasty as the freshly squeezed orange juice

........ at our local supermarket.

A) to be sold B) selling C) sold

D) having sold E) to have sold

5- Our defeat, for ......... some players blame

themselves, was caused by bad luck and not by

our lack of capabilities

A) whom B) which C) where D) why E) what

6- The students .......... had enrolled for the

course were disappointed when they found

out that it had been cancelled.

A) which B) whose C) whom D) that E) when

7- I can't think of an interesting topic ......... on for

our school paper.

A) to write B) writing C) written

D) having written E) to have written

8-The result of our first match in the World Cup

was not ......... we were hoping for.

A) when B) — C) what D) where E) why

9-The school........ to me by my friend is offering

new courses in September.

A) to recommend B) having recommended

C) to be recommended D) recommending

E) recommended

10-Most of the people the police .......... about the

robbery .......... anything suspicious in the area.

A) to question/not having seen

B) questioning/didn't see

C) having questioned/not to see

D) questioned/hadn't seen

E) to have questioned/not seen

11-Their existing customers, several of ......... were

very interested in the new product, were

invited to a presentation.

A) which B) whom C) that D) where E) whose

12- All of our current customers, .......... showed

an interest in the new product, attended the

meeting.

A) when B) that C) who D) where E) whose

13- Formerly ........ as Siam, Thailand is one of the

most popular tourist spots in Asia.

A) to know B) known C) knowing

D) knew E) having known

14- Under present law in the USA, owners of

property are free to leave it to ......... they

choose when they die.

A) whomever B) whichever C) however

D) whatever E) wherever

15-There are many daily newspapers in England,

many of.......... are owned by two large media

companies.

A) that B) what C) whom D) which E) where

16-There are fifty different Chinese dialects, ........

only seven are considered major.

A) where B) whose C) by whom

D) about what E) of which

17-Mandarin, by far the largest Chinese dialect, is

spoken by the Han people, .......... constitute

ninety percent of the population of China.

A) whose B) whom C) which D) that E) who

18- The Koh-i-noor diamond, ......... to have been

taken from the rajah of Malwa in 13O4,

measures 191 carats and is one of the most

famous diamonds in the world.

A) having believed B) believed C) believing

D) to believe E) to have believed

19-Begun in 1O78, the Tower of London, ..........

many famous people were imprisoned,

executed or murdered, is one of London's most

popular tourist attractions.

A) when B) which C) that D) where E) who

20-The Spratly Islands, .......... lie in the South China

Sea, are claimed by China, Brunei, Malaysia, the

Philippines, Vietnam and Taiwan.

A) which B) whose C) that D) where E) when

21- Students .......... a foreign language can always

benefit from visiting the country whose

language they are trying to learn.

A) to study B) studied C) studying

D) to be studied E) being studied

22- The parts .......... to the garage by the supplier

were for a later model car, so we had to wait for

another two days for the correct ones to arrive

before they could repair our car.

A) to send B) sending C) sent

D) to be sent E) having sent

23-The professor ......... to Mrs Wilson over there is

head of the history department at our

university.

A) to be talked B) talked C) having talked

D) to talk E) talking

24- The two players .......... the most ability were

offered places at the youth club's summer

training scheme.

A) shown B) to show C) showed

D) showing E) to be shown

25-Simon, ......... by his mother of the dangers of

walking on the thin ice, did not follow his

friends onto the frozen lake.

A) having warned B) to warn

C) having been warned D) warning

E) to be warned

26- Simon's mother, .......... her son ever to walk

on the frozen lake, was very upset when Mrs

Smith told her she had seen the boys fooling

around on the frozen water.

A) having forbidden B) being forbidden

C) forbidden D) forbade

E) to be forbidden

27- The bridge, .......... billions of dollars to build,

was designed as a toll bridge, for which every

motorist pays to cross.

A) costs B) to cost C) cost

D) having cost E) to have cost

28-The English ballet dancer, Margot Fonteyn,

.......... by many for her excellent style, was

made a Dame of the Order of the British Empire

in 1956.

A) to be admired B) admired C) having admired

D) to admire E) admiring

29- The Great Wall of China, .......... 2.400

kilometres along the Mongolian plateau, was

built to prevent invasions from the North.

A) extended B) to extend C) to be extended

D) have extended E) extending

30- The bright orange plastic sheet, ........ to serve

as a picnic mat, seemed to attract every insect

in the area.

A) intending B) to intend C) intended

D) to be intended E) having intended

31- Paul, ...... himself for the delay, apologised to

everyone ........ in the project.

A) blamed/involving B) to blame/to involve

C) being blamed/involve D) blaming/involved

E) blames/having involved

32- Steffany, .......... the play herself, was trilled

when she watched the children perform it so

well.

A) to be writing B) being written

C) to have written D) written

E) having written

33- The fruit and vegetables ............. in

supermarkets in Turkey are generally fresher

and tastier than those on offer in the UK.

A) to be found B) have found

C) having found D) to find E) found

34-The Blarney stone, ........ into the wall of Blarney

Castle in Ireland, is supposed to bring an elegant

command of words to whoever kisses it.

A) to build B) built C) building

D) having built E) to have built

35-The train ......... from platform ten is the intercity

express to Southampton.

A) left B) leaves C) leaving

D) to be left E) being left

36- John, ......... a musical instrument since the age

of six, learns new tunes very quickly.

A) to play B) played C) being played

D) to be played E) having played

37-We leaned out of the window to watch the school

children .......... down the street.

A) marching B) marched C) to be marched

D) to march E) having marched

38-The Spanish fleet Armada was made up of ISO

ships, ......... altogether 30,493 men, of whom

18,973 were soldiers.

A) carried B) carrying C) being carried

D) to carry E) to have carried

39-San Francisco, whose population increased from

200 to 30.000 after gold was discovered, suffered

from six great fires in 1849 and 1850, ........ to

the establishment of a Fire Department.

A) leading B) have led C) to be led

D) led E) to lead

40-The training program, ......... by all of our new

employees, covers the areas of safety, company

procedure and filing

A) undertaking B) undertook

C) having undertaken D) to undertake

E) undertaken

REDUCTIONS / TEST 4

1- The police officer, ......... the thief, was

pushing him into a police vehicle to be

taken to the station.

A) to catch B) to have caught

C) caught D) having caught

E) Being caught

2- The excuse .......... by the company for not

delivering the product on time was

unbelievable.

A) to give B) having given

C) given D) to be giving

E) giving

3- ......... his sun cream at home, the man

reluctantly bought a new bottle.

A) Left B) To be leaving

C) To leave D) Leaving

E) Having left

4- We will need someone ......... our daughter

during the award ceremony.

A) to be baby-sat B) baby-sat

C) having baby-sat D) baby-sitting

E) to baby-sit

5- If you leave the letters ......... on my desk, I

will put them away first thing tomorrow

morning.

A) filing B) having filed

C) to have filed D) to be filed

E) to be filing

6- Her husband, ......... a garage of his own,

repairs her car for her.

A) to have B) having

C) have D) has

E) to have had

7- Various games ......... soccer have been

played for more than 2,000 years,

probably starting in China, but the

modern game developed in England.

A) resembling B) resembled

C) to resemble D) resemble

E) being resembled

8- .......... in a 'no-parking' zone, the Boss's

car was towed away.

A) To be parked B) Parking

C) Having been parked D) To be parking

E) To park

9- The smartest way........ situations like this

is to speak to the manager first.

A) approached B) having approached

C) approaching D) to be approached

E) to approach

10- .......... cheerfully in the spring sunshine,

the paper boy handed her 'The

Guardian'.

A) To sing B) To have sung

C) Sung D) Singing

E) To be singing

11- A scholar-explorer with an inborn love of adventure, Richard Burton was the first

European ........forbidden Muslim cities in

Africa unharmed.

A) being penetrated B) to penetrate

C) penetrated D) penetrate

E) to be penetrated

12- All decisions .......... at this meeting will be published in the club's quarterly bulletin.

A) made B) making

C) to make D) having made

E) to be making

13- ........... it to be certain that the horse was a winner, the man bet his entire wages on it.

A) To have believed B) To believe

C) Believing D) Believed

E) To be believed

14- Yesterday the player, ......... with the

singer for some time, announced his

engagement.

A) linking B) to be linked

C) having linked D) linked

E) to link

15- The vase, ............ for £2 in a jumble sale,

was valued by the expert at £1500.

A) bought B) buying

C) to buy D) having bought

E) to be bought

16- All the vegetables .......... on that farm are free from chemicals.

A) grown B) having grown

C) to grow D) to be growing

E) grow

17- The only non-violent sport .......... by the

King of England was golf in the 1400s,

when the King thought his soldiers

weren't doing enough archery practice.

A) banning B) to ban

C) having banned D) to be banned

E) to be banning

18- Johnny, .......... Italian, didn't enjoy the

Opera as much as Sonya did.

A) not being understood

B) not to understand

C) not to be understood

D) not understand

E) not understanding

19- ......... ten times as fast as the old printer,

the new printer has made our office much

more efficient.

A) To print B) Printing

C) Being printed D) To be printed

E) Printed

20- .......... several competitions as an amateur,

he decided to play professionally.

A) To win B) Won

C) Having won D) Being won

E) To be won

21- Before the lecture, you'll be given some

notes ........... Freud's theory of the Ego and

Alter Ego.

A) explaining B) to be explained

C) explained D) being explained

E) having explained

22- ......... of the dangers many times by his

mother, Cameron never swam in the river.

A) To warn B) Having been warned

C) To have warned D) Having warned

E) To be warning

23- The bridge, ........... to the town by the

Horticultural Society in 1882, crosses the

river from the road to the park.

A) having given B) given

C) to give D) giving

E) to be giving

24- ............ the required score in the

qualifying round, the former champion

will not take place in the final.

A) Not to reach

B) Not being reached

C) Not having been reached

D) Not having reached

E) Not to be reaching

25- .......... in superstitions, Jess walked

confidently under the ladder.

A) Not to believe

B) Not to be believing

C) Not believing

D) Not believed

E) Not believe

26- All the people .......... to the committee are experts in this subject.

A) appointing B) having appointed

C) to appoint D) to be appointing

E) appointed

27- It would be nice if I had someone ........ on to look after the shop when we go on

holiday.

A) having relied B) to rely

C) relied D) to be relied

E) relying

28- The sand on this beach, .......... specially

from Spain, is golden and not the black

volcanic sand of most of the beaches on

this island.

A) to bring B) bringing

C) having brought D) brought

E) to be bringing

29- Stockholm is a city of broad streets and

substantial buildings ........ of white

granite, brick or stone that give the city a

clean, uncrowded appearance.

A) making B) to make

C) made D) having made

E) to be making

30- None of the men .......... on the building site have a work permit.

A) working B) work

C) being worked D) worked

E) to be working

31- Syria, ......... by Roman, Byzantine and

Ottoman civilisations, has some striking

architecture ......... the influence of all the

three.

A) to occupy/to have been reflecting

B) occupying/to have reflected

C) to be occupying/being reflected

D) having been occupied/reflecting

E) having occupied/reflected

32- Those ........ for the coach to Rattle Snake

Springs should proceed to the side door.

A) to wait B) waiting

C) having waited D) to be waiting

E) waited

33- The man who won the 'Tour de France',

......... by crowds of Parisians, came from

the United States of America.

A) having watched B) watched

C) to watch D) to be watching

E) to have been watched

34- I'm sure I've seen the tall man ... in the

corner somewhere before.

A) to sit B) having sat

C) sitting D) sat

E) to be sitting

35- Paintings by Bartolome Murillo and Diego

Velasquez, both ....... in Seville, may be

found throughout the city.

A) born B) to be born

C) having born D) being born

E) to have born

36- Garlic, ......... since ancient times to have

medicinal properties, made up part of the

Egyptian pyramid-builders' rations.

A) having believed B) to believe

C) to have believed D) believed

E) believing

37- The new Volvo four-wheel drive vehicle,

........ to function well on the country's

worst roads, costs £28,910.

A) having designed B) to be designing

C) designing D) designed

E) to design

38- The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was

the first scientist ........ systematic studies

of how children learn.

A) to be made B) made

C) being made D) be making

E) to make

39- Virtually everybody ............ on the show

agreed with the Prime Minister's decision.

A) interviewed B) to interview

C) interviewing D) having interviewed

E) to be interviewing

40- The deer I ............ on my way to work was

wandering across the road.

A) to hit B) was hit

C) hit D) to be hitting

E) hitting

41- Henry the Minstrel, ........... as Blind

Harry, wrote a narrative poem of 11,000

lines about the Scottish national hero, Sir

William Wallace.

A) knew B) knowing

C) having known D) to know

E) known

42- Louis Bleriot, .......... the design of the

monoplane, made the first cross-channel

flight on 25th July 1909.

A) improved B) to be improving

C) being improved D) having improved

E) to improve

43- The British government, ........... to it as

part of the peace process in Northern

Ireland, released a murderer, Michael

Stone, from jail.

A) to agree B) having agreed

C) agreed D) to be agreed

E) being agreed

44- Michael Stone, .......... as part of the peace process, wants to spend time with his

family.

A) to release

B) releasing

C) having been released

D) to be releasing

E) having released

45- The mobile phone company ...... free

connection charges a lot for calls.

A) being advertised B) advertising

C) to advertise D) advertised

E) to be advertising

46- The workers ........... to work all weekend

stocktaking were paid a bonus.

A) having B) to have

C) had D) to be having

E) to have had

47- The procedure .......... by the new manager seems to be working well.

A) having introduced

B) to introduce

C) to be introducing

D) introduced

E) introducing

48- Bears are farmed in China to provide bile, .......... in traditional Chinese medicine.

A) having used B) be used

C) using D) to be using

E) used

49- Anyone ......... to Rwanda should contact

their embassy about security procedures.

A) to be travelling B) travelled

C) be travelling D) travel

E) traveling

50- The old boat, .......... in the family's barn,

was taken to Swansea for relaunching.

A) having been restored

B) to restore

C) to be restoring

D) to have been restoring

E) having restored

REDUCTIONS / TEST 1

1. E 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. E 10. A

11. C 12. E 13. B 14. D 15. A

REDUCTIONS / TEST 2

1. E 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. E 10. D

11. C 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. E

REDUCTIONS / TEST 3

1. E 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. E 10. D

11. B 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. E 17. E 18. B 19. D 20. A

21. C 22. C 23. E 24. D 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. E 30. C

31. D 32. E 33. E 34. B 35. C 36. E 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. E

REDUCTIONS / TEST 4

1. D 2. C 3. E 4. E 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. E 10. D

11. B 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. E 19. B 20. C

21. A 22. B 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. E 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. A

31. D 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. A 36. D 37. D 38. E 39. A 40. C

41. E 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. B 46. A 47. D 48. E 49. E 50. A

READ & PROGRESS
A
1- A
2- B
3- A

B
1- F
2-T
3-T
4-T
5-F
6-T
7-T
8-F
9-T
10-F

C
1-A
2-B
3-A
4-A

D
1- It is an object flying in the sky which cannot be idendified after an investigation.
2- Alpha Centauri
3-We don't have a proper spacescraft and we are unable to produce the energy that is neglected.
4- 100 million miles in an hour.
5- At the speed of light

E
1-Y
2-N
3-Y
4-N
5-Y

F
1-A
2-C
3-A
4-E
5-A
6-C
7-B
8-D

H
a- who/that
b-which/that
c-who/that
d-who/that
e-which/that

RELATIVE CLAUSES
TEST YOURSELF 8

1- B
2- E
3- B
4- A
5- A
6- E
7- C
8- E
9- D
10- A
11- E
12- D
13- A
14- B
15- E
16- C
17- B
18- D
19- A
20- E
21- C
22- C
23- D
24- E
25- B
26- C
27- A
28- A
29- B
30- D
31- D
32- A
33- C
34- D
35- D
36- E
37- D
38- B
39- E
40- C
41- A
42- A
43- E
44- A
45- C
46- D
47- E
48- C
49- D
50- B
51- D
52- E
53- D
54- C
55- A
56- B
57- E
58- D
59- B
60- C
61- E
62- D
63- A
64- E
65- A
66- C
67- D
68- B
69- A
70- E
71- C
72- B
73- A
74- D
75- C
76- B
77- E
78- A
79- E
80- A
81- D
82- C
83- B
84- C

85- C

86- A

87- B

88- D

89- B

90- E

91- A

92- C

93- E

94- E

95- D

96- D

97- A

98- B

99- C

100- C

101-B

102- E

103- D

104-A

105-A

106-C

107-D

108-E

109-C

110-A