3 JANUARY- NOUN CLAUSES

PART I. NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clause bir cümlede isim gibi işlev gören cümleciktir. Yani cümlede özne ya da nesne görevinde bulunabilir.

Noun clause'ları üç ayrı grupta inceleyebiliriz:

1-     Noun clauses beginning with a question word (what, why, who, when, etc.)

2-     Noun clauses beginning with whether or not/if ... or not

3-     Noun clauses beginning with that

The Subject of the sentence	The object of the sentence
Where she lives is	I don't know where she lives.
Whether he is coming or not is not clear.	It is not clear whether he is coming or not.
That he recovered from his illness is a miracle.	It is a miracle that he recovered from his illness.

1-1    NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD

Soru sözcüğü ile başlayan bir soruyu, soru cümlesi düzenini düz cümle düzenine dönüştürmeliyiz.

Question:           Why is he coming tomorrow?

Noun clause:      Why he is coming tomorrow is a secret.

Question:           What time does he start work?

Noun clause:     I don't know what time he starts work.

Question:           When did he leave the country?

Noun clause:    When he left the country is still unknown.

Question:           Who is coming tomorrow?

Noun Clause:    I don't know who is coming tomorrow.

1-2     NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "WHETHER OR NOT" or "IF...OR NOT"

Yardımcı fiille başlayan bir soruyu noun clause'a dönüştürürken, noun clause'un başına "whether" ya da "if" getirilir. "Or not" whether'dan hemen sonra gelebilir ya da noun clause'un sonunda yer alabilir). Ancak "or not" "if"den hemen sonra kullanılmaz. Sadece noun clause'un sonunda yer alabilir). Her iki cümlede de "or not" kullanmayabiliriz ve bu durumda anlam değişmez.

Is she coming to the party?

I wonder  whether she is coming to the party or not.

                 whether or not she is coming to the party.

                 whether she is coming to the party.

                 if she is coming to the party or not.

                 if she is coming to the party.  (Onun partiye gelip gelmeyeceğini merak ediyorum.)

Eğer "noun clause" cümlede özne durumunda ise sadece "whether" kullanılır, "If" bu şekilde cümle başında kullanılmaz.

Whether she is coming to the party or not   isn't certain yet. Whether or not she is coming to the party isn't certain yet.

NOTE:     "Whether or not" kalıbının koşul cümlesinde ve noun clause'da kullanımı arasındaki farklılıklara ve Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz.         1        I will go to the theatre whether he comes with me or not. (Conditional)             (O gelse de gelmese de, tiyatroya gideceğim.) I don't know whether he will come to the theatre with me or not. ( Noun Clause)   (Onun benimle tiyatroya gelip gelmeyeceğini bilmiyorum.)        2   "Whether or not" koşul cümlesinde kullanıldığı zaman bazı tense kısıtlamaları vardır:  future tense kullanılmaması gibi. "Whether or not" noun clause'da kullanıldığı zaman tense kısıtlaması yoktur. The result will be the same whether we attend tomorrow's meeting or not. (conditional: "whether" in bağlı bulunduğu cümlede future tense kullanamayız.) (Yarınki toplantıya katılsak da katılmasak da sonuç aynı olacak.) I haven't decided yet whether I will attend tomorrow's meeting or not. (noun clause) (Yarınki toplantıya katılıp katılmayacağıma henüz karar vermedim.)

1-3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "THAT"

Düz cümleleri noun clause biçiminde kullanırken, noun clause'un başına "that" getirilir. Eğer noun clause cümlede nesne durumundaysa "that" kullanmayabiliriz.

Statement:        She doesn't like pop music.

Noun clause:    We know that she doesn't like pop music.                                                       We know she doesn't like pop music                           (Onun pop müziğini sevmediğini biliyoruz.)

Eğer noun clause cümlede özne durumundaysa, noun clause'un başındaki "that" kaldırılamaz.

Statement:        He committed the crime.

Noun clause:      That he committed the crime is obvious.                                                                  (Suçu onun işlediği açık.)

Statement:       He can't win the election.

Noun clause:    That he can't win the election is known.                                                                    (Onun seçimleri kazanamayacağı biliniyor.)

Ancak "that clause"un bu şekilde cümlenin başında özne olarak kullanılması pek yaygın değildir. Onun yerine, cümleye "It" ile başlayıp noun clause'u ortada kullanmak daha yaygındır.

It is obvious that he committed the crime.

It is obvious he committed the crime.

(Suçu onun işlediği açık.)

"That clause"u yaygın olarak:       

a)     Bazı sıfatlardan sonra

b)     Bazı isimlerden sonra

c)     Bazı fiillerden sonra

d)     "The fact" ile kullanabiliriz.

a)        "That clauses" after certain adjectives:

Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, disappointed, pleased, sure, etc. gibi duygu ya da tavır bildiren sıfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz. Sonu -ing ve -ed ile biten bazı sıfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanımı oldukça yaygındır.

• I'm glad (that) you passed the exam.
• I'm sorry (that) I hurt his feelings.
• It is very surprising that she was dismissed from her job. (İşinden atılması çok şaşırtıcı.)
• I'm very surprised that she was dismissed from her job.(Onun işten atılmasına çok şaşırdım.)

True, strange, fair, unfair, unfortunate, obvious, apparent, too bad, likely, unlikely gibi sıfatlarla da "that clause" yaygın olarak kullanılır.

• It's likely (that) there will be another rise in prices soon.
• It's unfair (that) women still don't have the same rights as men.

b)        "That clauses" after certain nouns:

Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, belief, theory, impression gibi isimlerden sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz.

• It's a wonder (that) she survived_the accident.
• It's a widely accepted belief (that) the two major conservative parties should be united to come to power.
• It's my impression (that) television reduces the interest in reading.(Benim izlenimim o ki televizyon, okumaya olan ilgiyi azaltıyor.)

c) "That clauses" after certain verbs:

Bazı fiiller, kendilerinden sonra noun clause alabilirler. Bu cümlelerde noun clause, yüklemin nesnesi durumundadır.

•  I will prove  that he is innocent.    
• The teacher claims that he cheated during the exam.
• I assume that the meeting will have to be cancelled.
• Everybody in the   company thinks   that Mr. O’Neil will make  a successful manager.
  
• The result of the exam indicates that you didn't study hard enough.

Appear, seem, happen, occur ve turn out fiilleri özne olarak "It" kullanmayı gerektirir.

• It appears that we will face terrible conditions on this expedition.(Bana öyle geliyor ki bu çocuk büyüyünce ressam olacak.)
• It occurs to me that his action was deliberate.
• It turned out that he had a number of accomplices in the robbery.

"promise" ve "predict" fiilleri, noun clause'da future tense kullanmayı gerektirir.

• She promises that she will be more careful next time.
• The villagers predict that the harvest will be good this season.

Temel cümlenin yüklemi past tense ise noun clause'da "will"in past biçimi "would" kullanılır.

• She promised that she would be more careful next time.(Bir dahaki sefere daha dikkatli olacağına söz verdi.)

• The villagers predicted that the harvest would be good this season

beg, command, decide, demand, determine, order, resolve, urge, insist ve suggest fiilleri ile noun clause'da daha çok "should" kullanılır. Temel cümlenin yüklemi past tense olduğunda da noun clause'daki "should" aynı kalır.

• I suggest that you should go to a doctor. (Doktora gitmeni öneririm.)
• He demanded that I should be on time for work. (İşe vaktinde gelmemi istedi.)

d)      Noun clauses with "the fact"

Bir "that clause"u çoğu zaman "the fact that" biçiminde kullanabiliriz. "The fact that'li cümle, özne ya da nesne durumunda olabilir.


Statement:       She couldn't pass the exam. That disappointed us.

Noun clause:   The fact that she couldn't pass the exam disappointed us.

(Onun    sınavı    geçememesi    bizi    hayal    kırıklığına uğrattı.)

1-4   NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION

Bir preposition'dan sonra noun clause gelebilir.

• She takes no notice of    what I say.
• Your question isn't related to   what we are discussing now.

"That clause" bir preposition'dan sonra "the fact that" biçiminde kullanılır.

Statement:       He was devastated by the tragic news.

Noun clause:   Yesterday we   talked   about   the   fact   that   he was devastated by the tragic news.

Statement:       She is the author of two well-known books.

Noun clause:    I'm interested in the fact that she is the author of two well-known books.

1-5   TENSE   RELATIONS   BETWEEN  THE  MAIN  VERB  AND   THE   NOUN CLAUSE

Noun clause'un tense'i ile temel cümlenin tense'i arasındaki ilişkiyi iki bölümde inceleyebiliriz.

a)       Temel cümlenin yüklemi Present Tense ise,

b)       Temel cümlenin yüklemi Past Tense ise.

a)        Noun clause as the object of a verb in Present Tense

Eğer temel cümlenin yüklemi "I think, I have thought" gibi bir present tense ise ya da "I will say, I'm going to say" gibi bir future tense ise, noun clause'un tense'i ile aralarında mantıklı bir uyum olması gerekir. Yani yüklemin kısıtlayıcı bazı özellikleri yoksa eğer (örneğin suggest, recommend, promise, predict gibi fiiller belli tense'leri gerektirir), noun clause'un tense'i present, past ya da future olabilir.

Statement:       He goes abroad very often.

Noun clause:    I think (that) he goes abroad very often.

Statement:        He is going/is going to go/will go abroad soon.

Noun clause:     I think (that) he is going/is going to go/will go abroad soon.

Statement:        He has just gone abroad.

Noun clause:    I think (that) he has just gone abroad.

Temel cümlenin yüklemi present olduğu zaman noun clause'da Past Perfect kullanımı, "after, before, by the time, etc." gibi zaman bağlaçları kullanarak zamanı netleştirdiğimiz takdirde mümkündür. Yüklem present iken noun clause'da "will'in past biçimi "would" kullanılmaz. Ancak, "would like, would prefer, would rather" gibi anlamı present ya da future olan yapılar ve 2. ve 3. type "if clause" ile kullanılan "would" ve "would have done" kullanılabilir.

• I think (that) she would succeed if she tried.
• I think (that) she would have succeeded if she had tried.
• I think (that) she would rather go to the theatre than to the cinema.
• I think (that) they had just shipped the order when we called to remind them.

Bu tense kuralları, soru sözcüğüyle ya da whether/if ile başlayan noun clause'lar için de geçerlidir.

• I don't know    when she will leave Istanbul.                                                                                                  if she wants to come with us.                         who left the office last yesterday.

• I have discovered      why she refused our invitation.
  
                                                           when she will leave on holiday.    

                                            how she managed to persuade him.                            

• She will find out      what he was doing there at the time.   

                                          which one he would rather choose. 

                                         if he completed the job he had been given.

b)        Noun Clause as the object of a verb in Past Tense

Temel cümlenin yüklemi "I thought, I had thought" gibi Past ya da Past Perfect Tense ise, noun clause'un tense'i eylemin oluş zamanını ifade eden tense'in bir derece past biçimidir.

Statement:       They have finished writing their report.

Noun clause:    I noticed (that) they had finished writing their report.

Question:         When will he come?

Noun clause:    He wondered when he would come.

Ancak noun clause genel bir doğruyu ya da doğa kanununu ifade ediyorsa, temel cümlenin yüklemi past olduğunda da noun clause'un tense'i present olabilir.

After the experiment, we found out that different fluids have different boiling points.

Should, had better, ought to, would rather, would prefer ve would like, temel fiil past olduğunda da aynı kalır. May, might biçiminde, have to ve must ise had to biçiminde değiştirilir.

I think she would rather stay at home.

(Evde kalmayı tercih edeceğini zannediyorum.)

I thought she would rather stay at home.

(Evde kalmayı tercih edeceğini zannediyordum.)

She knows (that) she must/has to help her mother.

She knew (that) she had to help her mother.

1-7   QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED by INFINITIVES

Soru   sözcüğüyle  ya  da   "whether" ile  başlayan  noun  clause'ları noun clause cümlesinde should, could, can gibi  yapılarda  kısaltarak, Question word + infinitive biçiminde ifade edebiliriz. Kısaltma yapabilmemiz için öncelikle, temel cümlenin öznesi ile noun clause'un öznesi aynı olmalıdır.

I don't know what I should do in this case.

I don't know what to do in this case.

I can't decide whether I should stay home or come with you. I can't decide whether to stay home or (to) come with you.

Özneler farklı ise kısaltma yapamayız.

I don't know what you should do in this case. (no change)

Temel cümledeki yüklemin nesnesi ile (indirect object) noun clause'un öznesi aynı kişi ise yine kısaltma yapabiliriz.

I can tell you how you can get to the station.              I can tell you how to get to the station. (İstasyona nasıl gideceğini söyleyebilirim.)

Kısaltma yaparken, noun clause'da kullanılan tense'i de dikkate almalıyız.  Bu kısaltma her tense ile mümkün değildir. Should ya da can/could ile kurulmuş cümleleri kısaltabiliriz.   

1-8   "-EVER" WORDS in NOUN CLAUSES

WHOEVER	}	mean any person	WHICHEVER	}	mean any thing
WHOMEVER			WHATEVER
WHEREVER		means any place	WHENEVER		means any time
HOWEVER		means any way (manner)

Whoever ve whomever,  "kim olursa olsan,  her kim isterse" anlamına gelir.  Noun clause'un öznesi durumundaysa sadece whoever,   nesnesi durumundaysa whoever ya da whomever kullanabiliriz.

You can give it to whoever needs it.

You can give it to whoever/whomever you like.  

Wherever, "neresi olursa olsun, canın nereye isterse..." anlamına gelir.

  You can put it wherever you think is suitable.

   We can go wherever you want.

However, "istediğin gibi yap, nasıl istersen öyle yap" anlamına gelir.

-    Students in high school have to wear a uniform in Turkey, but in Europe there is no such  rule.  Students may dress however they please.

Whatever ve whichever, "ne istersen, hangisini istersen" anlamını verir. Burada Önce, "what" ile "which" arasındaki farkı netleştirmek gerekir.

  We shall try to do whatever is needed to make your stay an enjoyable one.

  There are three rooms left at the hotel. You can choose whichever you want.

  Here are the box of tools. You can take whichever one suits your requirement.

 Think over your words. Don't just say whatever comes into your mind.

Whenever, "ne zaman istersen, istediğin zaman" anlamını verir.

 We can leave whenever you want.



PART II. REPORTED SPEECH

INTRODUCTION

Dolaylı anlatımı, aktarılan cümlelerin yapısı açısından şu üç grupta inceleyebiliriz:

1- Reporting Statements

2- Reporting Questions

3- Reporting Imperatives

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Simple Present................................................ Simple Past "I never get up late." he said.           He said (that) he never got up late. Present Continuous  ....................................... Past Continuous "I'm working on my thesis," he said.           He said {that) he was working on bis thesis. Present Perfect   .............................................. Past Perfect "I've applied for a job." he said.      He said (that) he had applied for a job. Present Perfect Continuous   ...........................Past Perfect Continuous "I've been working for two hours," he said.         He said (that) he had been working for two hours. Simple Past   ...................................................Past Perfect "I stayed at home last night," he said.          He said (that) he had stayed at home the previous night. Past Continuous ............................................ Past Perfect Continuous "I was working in Ankara last year," he said.     He said that he had been working in Ankara the previous year. am/is/are going to   ......................................... was/were going to shall/will   ....................................................... should/would should/would   ................................................ should/would can  .................................................................. could could   ............................................................. could must, have to   ................................................. had to must, have to (future necessity) ...................... must/had to/would have to must (deduction) ............................................. must don't have to    ................................................. didn't have to mustn't   ........................................................... wasn't, weren't to do/mustn't should/ought to/had better ............................... should/ought to/had better may  ................................................................. might might   .............................................................. might used to   ............................................................ used to

2-1   REPORTING STATEMENTSDüz cümleleri aktarırken en çok kullanılan aktarma sözü "tell" ve "say"dir.

Eğer aktarma sözü, "She always tells us, She has just told me, She will tell us" gibi Simple Present, Present Perfect ve Simple Future ise, aktarılan cümlenin tense'inde bir değişiklik yapılmaz. Sadece gerekli zamir değişiklikleri yapılır.


Paul : I am not so keen to see that film.                                                                        Paul says (that) he is not so keen to see that film.                                                  Paul has told us (that) he is not so keen to see that film.                                      Paul will tell you (that) he is not so keen to see that film.

Eğer aktarma sözü Simple Past ya da Past Perfect ise (I told him, he had told us, etc.), zamir değişikliklerinin yanı sıra, tense ve zaman zarflarında da değişiklik yapılır. Direct cümlenin zamirlerini değiştirirken, sözü kimin söylediğini ve bu sözü kimin kime aktardığını dikkate almalıyız.

Ayşe: I will help you tomorrow.

Ayşe told me (that) she would help me the following day.

Ayşe told her mother (that) she would help her the following day.

Ayşe told her brother (that) she would help him the following day.    

Expressions of time and place in Reported Speech

Direct

Indirect

today   .......................................................... that day tonight .......................................................... that night yesterday  ..................................................... the day before/the previous day the day before yesterday   ............................ two days before/earlier last week/month/year/night   ........................ the previous week/month/year/night (the week etc. before) yesterday morning/afternoon/evening   ........ the previous morning/afternoon/evening a year/month/week ago   ............................... a year/month/week before, the previous year/month/week two years/months/weeks ago ......................... two years/ months /weeks before/earlier tomorrow  ....................................................... the next day/the following day the day after tomorrow ................................... in two days' time next week/month/year  ................................... the following week/month/year now   ............................................................... then /immediately

"I'll phone you tomorrow," he said to me.

He told me that he would phone me the next day/the following day.

"I'm going to visit my relatives today," she said.

She said she was going to visit her relatives that day.