CONDITIONALS

1-     "IF" CLAUSES

If clause'ları, temel olarak üç bölümde inceleyebiliriz:

a)         Type l        :       True in the present or future

If the weather is nice, we usually sit in the garden. (present)

If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will sit in the garden. (future)

b)        Type 2        :       Untrue (contrary to fact) in the present or future                                     If we were on holiday today, we would sit in the garden (present)                          
                                     If we were on holiday tomorrow, we would sit in the garden. (future)

c)        Type 3        :      Untrue (contrary to fact) in the past                                  If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have sat in the garden. (past)

SUMMARY

TENSE COMBINATIONS IN TYPE 1

If Clause do/does, am/is/are doing have/has done can, have to. must, should be to do

Main Clause will win be doing, will have done, will have been doing may/might do can do must, have to, have got to do should, ought to, had better do Expressions of command, request, advice or suggestion

TENSE COMBINATIONS in TYPE 2

If Clause was/were did, was/were to do was/were doing could do had to do should do

Main Clause would, would be doing would be able to, would have to do could do might do

TENSE COMBINATIONS in TYPE 3

If Clause had done                                                       had been doing                                                 had had to do                                                     had been able to do

Main Clause would have done                                                         would have been doing                                               could have done                                            might have done                                                             would have had to do                                                       would have been able to do

OTHER CONDITIONALS

1-      PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT, AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS, ONLY IF

Bu yapılar, tense kuralları açısından aynı "if" gibi kullanılırlar. Ancak "if"den daha güçlü bir koşul ifade ederler.

You can pass the exam if you study hard.           
 (Eğer çok çalışırsan sınavı geçebilirsin.)

You can pass the exam       only if           you study hard.

provided (that)

providing (that)

as long as

so long as       

Sınavı ancak çok çalışırsan geçebilirsin.

"Only if"  cümlenin başında kullanılırsa,   temel  cümle  devrik olur.  Diğerlerinde böyle bir değişiklik yapılmaz.

Provided (that) you study hard, you can pass the exam.

Providing (that)

As long as

So long as

Only if you study hard can you pass the exam.

I will lend him some money provided he promises to pay me back.                 
I would lend him some money provided he promised to pay me back.                     
 I would have lent him some money provided he had promised to pay me back.

I can forgive her so long as she apologizes to me.                                                     I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me.

I could have forgiven her so long as she had apologized to me.

2-       UNLESS

Unless, "except on the condition that" anlamını veren bir bağlaçtır. Olumsuz bir anlama sahip olduğu için bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumlu yapıdadır. Bu nedenle unless, bazı cümlelerde "if .... not" yerine kullanılabilir. Unless daha çok uyan anlamı içeren ifadelerde kullanılır. Type 2- if clause ile kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır.

You can't pass the exam if you don't study.             
 You can't pass the exam unless you study.

We can't get to the cinema in time for the beginning of the film unless we leave immediately / if we don't leave immediately.

Unless you leave home at once, you will be late for work.

The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation improves.

Unless'in bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumludur ancak anlamı olumsuzdur. Unless'den sonra olumsuz bir ifadenin kullanılması çok güçlü bir vurgu belirtir.

Don't go out in the midday sun unless/except on the condition that you really can't avoid it.                   Don't go out in the midday sun if you can avoid it.

Bu iki cümle anlamca biribirine yakındır. Ama unless'li cümle güçlü bir uyarı, if’ li cümle ise bir öğüt ifade eder.

3-       EVEN IF

Even if, "... olsa bile, ... olmasa bile" anlamını verir. Yani, istenilen koşul yerine gelmese bile, sonuç değişmeyecek demektir. Şu iki cümleyi karşılaştıralım:

If it is cold tomorrow, we won't go on a picnic.                     
 (Eğer yarın hava soğuk olursa pikniğe gitmeyeceğiz.)

Even if it is cold tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.                 (Yarın hava soğuk olsa bile pikniğe gideceğiz.)

I will forgive him if he apologizes to me.                                                                  (Eğer benden özür dilerse onu bağışlarım.)

I won't forgive him even if he apologizes to me.                                                            (Benden özür dilese bile onu bağışlamayacağım.)

If clause'da kullanılan tense kuralları, even if için de geçerlidir.

I will go to the party even if they don't invite me.                                                     
I would go to the party even if they didn't invite me.

I would have gone to the party even if they hadn't invited me.

4-       WHETHER ...OR NOT

Whether ... or not   "... olsa da, olmasa da" anlamını verir. Yani istenilen koşul yerine gelse de gelmese de sonucu etkilemeyecek demektir.

I will go to the party whether they invite me or not.                                                       (Beni davet etseler de etmeseler de partiye gideceğim.)

Whether... or not ile even if, anlam yönünden birbirlerine benzerler.

I won't forgive him whether he apologizes to me or not.                       I won't forgive him even if he apologizes to me.

You have to help him whether you like him or not.            
You have to help him even if you don't like him.

You must hand in your exam papers whether you have finished writing or not.                                                                 You  must  hand in your exam  papers even  if you   haven't  finished writing.

5-       SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING (THAT), ON CONDITION THAT and WHAT IF

Suppose that we miss the train, how else can we get there?                  
 If we miss the train, how else can we get there?

Suppose that he deceived you, how would you react?                   
 If he deceived you, how would you react?

I can allow you to use my car on condition that you promise to drive carefully.

You can take my dictionary on condition that you bring it back by Friday.

What if your paycheck doesn't arrive in time?

What will happen if your paycheck doesn't arrive in time?

What if he didn't come tomorrow?

What would happen if he didn't come tomorrow?

What if you hadn't learnt the news?

What would have happened if you hadn't learnt the news?

6-       IN CASE

a)        In   case,   "...olursa diye"   anlamını   verir.   Temel   cümlede   yapılan   eylem,   "in   case"li cümledeki olabilecek, olması muhtemel bir başka eyleme karşı bir ön hazırlık ifade eder.

I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey.          
 (Yolda acıkırsam diye yanıma yiyecek bir şeyler alacağım.)

I took an umbrella with me in case it rained.                                                          (Yağmur yağarsa diye yanıma şemsiye aldım.)

I sent him a second letter in case he hadn't received the first one.                 (Birincisini almamışsa diye ona ikinci bir mektup gönderdim.)

"In case", "if"ile karıştırılan bir bağlaçtır. Ancak, ikisi farklı anlamlar ifade ederler. Şu iki örneği karşılaştıralım:

I will go to my mother's tomorrow in case she needs help for my brother's wedding preparations.(Kardeşimin  düğün hazırlıkları için yardıma ihtiyacı olursa diye yarın annemlere gideceğim.)

I will go to my mother's tomorrow if she needs help for my brother's wedding preparations.         (Kardeşimin   düğün   hazırlıkları   için   yardıma   ihtiyacı   olursa,   yarın annemlere gideceğim.)

Birinci örnekte, "Annemin yardıma ihtiyacı olabilir veya olmayabilir. Ama yardıma ihtiyacı olduğunda ben orada hazır bulunmak istiyorum." anlamı ifade edilmektedir. İkinci örnekte ise "Annemin yardıma ihtiyacı olursa gideceğim." ifadesi, "ihtiyacı olmazsa gitmeyeceğim." anlamına gelmektedir.

I will take an umbrella with me when going out in case it rains.           (Yağmur yağarsa diye dışarı çıkarken yanıma şemsiye alacağım.)
(Yağmur yağabilir de, yağmayabilir de. Ama eğer yağarsa ben hazırlıklı olacağım.)

I will take an umbrella with me when going out if it rains.                         (Dışarı   çıkarken   yağmur   yağarsa   yanıma   şemsiye   alacağım. Ama yağmazsa almayacağım.)

b)        In case ile kullanabileceğimiz tense'ler:

Main Clause                  +            in case             +            subordinate clause

Future (will or going to)                                                 Simple Present                            Simple Present                                                               should                                   
 Present Continuous                                                         can, can't                                     Present Perfect

Main Clause                  +            in case             +            subordinate clause

would                                                                            Past Tense                          
Past Tense                                                                     Past Perfect              
 Past Perfect                                                                  should
                                                                                   could, couldn't                        

                                                                                 

Temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında bir tense uyuşması gerekmektedir. Ancak should, temel cümle present, future veya past olduğu zaman da kullanılır. "Should"un buradaki anlamı gereklilik değildir. Sadece, olasılığın biraz daha az olduğunu vurgular.

I want to give you my phone number in case you need to call me/in case you should need to call me.                                                                                                  
 I gave him my phone number in case he needed to call me/in case he should need to call me.                                                                                                                   He would always take (used to take) his umbrella with him in case it rained/should rain.

Take plenty of clothes with you while going on holiday in case you can't wash the dirty ones.                                                                                                                
I advised her to take plenty of clothes with her while going on holiday in case she couldn't wash the dirty ones.

I'm cooking plenty of meals in case someone comes/should come for dinner.       I cooked plenty of meals in case someone came/should come for dinner.

I've already booked a seat for you in case you decide/should decide to come to the theatre with us.

I had already booked a scat for her in case she decided/should decide to come to the theatre with us.

c)         In case'in cümleye verdiği anlamı başka şekillerde de ifade edebiliriz.

I always put some money aside in case I need/should need it urgently.                    
I always put some money aside because I may need it urgently/because it is possible that I will need it urgently.

I always put some money aside for fear that I may need it urgently.

I wrote my name and address on the suitcase in case I lost it/should lose it.

I wrote my name and address on the suitcase because I might lose it/because it was possible that I would lose it/for fear that I would lose it.

d)        In case of + a noun

"In case of" dan sonra bir isim gelir ve "... durumunda..." anlamını verir.

In case of emergency, you can call this number.                           If there is an emergency, you can call this number.The flight's full, but we'll put your name on the list, in case of cancellation. 

"MIXED TIME" IF CLAUSES

"Mixed time" if clause, temel cümledeki tense ile koşul cümlesindeki tense'in farklı type'lara ait olduğunu ifade eder. Örneğin, koşul cümlesinde type 3 kullanırken, temel cümlede type 2 kullanabiliriz. Ya da tersi. Ancak burada, eylemlerin if clause dışında gerçek tense'lerinin ne olduğuna çok dikkat etmeliyiz.

I spent all my money foolishly, and I am broke now.

If I hadn't spent all my money foolishly, I wouldn't be broke now.

Yukarıdaki örnekte, "I spent all my money foolishly." cümlesi past tense ile ifade edilmiştir. Yani bu cümleyi type 3 ile ifade edebiliriz. "I'm broke now." ise present tense'dir ve bu gerçeğin tersini düşündüğümüzde, bunu type 2 ile ifade edebiliriz.

He is a rude man, because he rebuked his wife in front of others at the party last night.

If he weren't a rude man, he wouldn't have rebuked his wife in front of others at the party last night.

Bu örnekte ise "He is a rude man." kişinin genel halini ifade etmektedir ve bunu koşul cümlesine type 2 ile aktarabiliriz. "He rebuked his wife ..." cümlesi ise geçmişte olmuş bir olayı ifade ettiği için bunu da type 3 ile aktarabiliriz.

He didn't study hard enough for the test, and now he is sorry about the score.

If he had studied hard enough for the test, he wouldn't be sorry about the score now.

We missed the bus because of you, and now we are waiting here in the rain.

If we hadn't missed the bus because of you, we wouldn't be waiting here in the rain now.

I couldn't get high grades in the quizzes, and now I have to study very hard for the finals.

If I had been able to get high grades in the quizzes, I wouldn't have to study so hard for the finals now.

OMITTING IF

Koşul cümlelerinde "if" kullanmadan, devrik cümle yapısını kullanarak, yani yardımcı fiili öznenin önüne getirerek (auxiliary + subject) "if" anlamı verebiliriz. Olumsuz cümlede "not" özneden sonra gelir.

a)        Type l

Type I if clause'ları devrik yapmak için Should + Subject yapısı kullanılır.

If you need any help, don't hesitate to call me.                  
 Should you need any help, don't hesitate to call me.

He can improve his English if he goes abroad next Summer.                
 Should he go abroad next Summer, he can improve his English.

If you don't pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.                  
 Should you not pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.

b)        Type 2

Type 2 if clause'lar; "be" fiili bulunan cümleler için "were + subject", diğer fiiller için ise "were + subject + to do" kullanarak devrik yapılır.

If I were you, I would forgive him.       Were I you, I would forgive him.

I would feel happy now if he were here.               
I would feel happy now were he here. *

If you weren't busy right now, we could go out for a walk.           
 Were you not busy right now, we could go out for a walk.

I would give him your message if I saw him tomorrow.

Were I to see him tomorrow, I would give him your message.

I would miss the bus if I didn't leave now.                  
 Were I not to leave now, I would miss the bus.

c)        Type 3

Type 3 if clause'ları Had + subject biçiminde devrik yapabiliriz.

If he had been more careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.               
Had he been more careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.

If he had been driving more carefully, he wouldn't be in hospital now.   
 Had he been driving more carefully, he wouldn't be in hospital now.

If he hadn't forgotten about the meeting, he would have gone there.                
 Had he not forgotten about the meeting, he would have gone there.

If he hadn't driven me crazy, I wouldn't have punished him.              
 Had he not driven me crazy, I wouldn't have punished him.

IMPLIED CONDITIONS

Bazen ifadelerimizde koşul cümlesi kullanmadan da koşul ileri sürebiliriz. Yani, açık olarak bir koşul cümlesi yoktur ifademizde; ancak, ima edilmiş bir koşul vardır. "Dün seni görmeye gelecektim ama vaktim olmadı" ifadesinde bir koşul cümlesi yoktur. Ama bu cümle, koşul cümlesi kullanarak oluşturacağımız bir başka ifadeyle eş anlamlıdır. "Eğer dün vaktim olsaydı seni görmeye gelecektim."

İngilizce'de, but, otherwise, or else, without gibi sözcükler kullanarak, ima edilmiş koşul cümleleri oluşturabiliriz.

a)         BUT

I would have come to see you yesterday, but I didn't have time.                   
(If I had had time, I would have come to see you yesterday.)

I would like to come with you, but my father doesn't let me out alone at night.     
(If my father let me out alone at night, I would like to come with you.)

He would be a lawyer now, but he had to quit school because of his financial problems.

(He would be a lawyer now, if he hadn't had to quit school because of his financial problems.)

b)        "OTHERWISE" or "OR (ELSE)" (Aksi takdirde, Yoksa)          

You have to hurry; otherwise, you will miss the bus.                                                    (If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.)

You must study hard, or (else) you won't pass the exam.                                             (If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.)

She  must  be very  happy;   otherwise   she  wouldn't  be   laughing  so

uproariously.                                                                                                               (If she weren't very happy, she wouldn't be laughing so uproariously.)

He must be studying hard, or (else) he wouldn't get such high marks.                      
 (If he weren't studying hard, he wouldn't get such high marks.)

I must have forgotten to set my alarm clock: otherwise, it would have gone off at 7 this morning.                                                                                                 

(If I had set my alarm clock, it would have gone off at 7 this morning.)

She didn't tell him the truth, or (else) he would have gotten angry with her.            
(If she had told him the truth, he would have gotten angry with her.)

c)         WITHOUT

I can't possibly finish this job without any help.

(I can't possibly finish this job if I don't get any help.)

We would still be living like primitives without electricity.

(If there were no electricity, we would still be living like primitives.)

Without  his generous  contributions,  we  could never have held  the Charity Ball.

(If he hadn't contributed generously, we could never have held the Charity Ball.)

WISH CLAUSES

 WISH

"Wish"in sözcük anlamı "istemek, dilemek"tir. Bu açıdan "want" ve "would like" ile aynı anlamı taşır. Ancak "wish" bunların içinde daha çok resmi ortamlarda kullanılanıdır.

"Wish"ten sonra bir başka fiile geçebiliriz.

Who do you wish to see, sir? (wish to do something)                
 I wish to see the manager.

The Prime Minister wished the Opposition to be more reasonable about the new tax system. (wish someone to do something)

"Wish"ten sonra bir isim gelebilir. Ancak "wish"in bu kullanımı kısıtlıdır. "Want" ve "would like"'tan sonra herhangi bir ismi kullanabiliriz. "I want/would like some coffee. I want/would like a ticket to Ankara" gibi. "Wish"i ise, ancak "şans, mutluluk, basan dilemek" gibi yapılarda kullanabiliriz.

Wish me luck in the exam, (wish someone something)

I wish you a swift recovery,

I sent a card to my parents and wished them a Happy New Year.

"Wish"ten sonra bir cümle (that clause) gelebilir. Bu cümlenin tense'i, present ya da future tense olamaz. Mutlaka gerçek durumu ifade eden cümledeki tense'in bir derece past biçimi olmalıdır: do yerine did, can yerine could, have done yerine had done gibi. ("Want" ve "would like"tan sonra bu şekilde cümle gelmez.)

She isn't here now. I wish she were here now.          
 (Keşke o şimdi burada olsaydı.)

We don't have enough money. I wish we had enough money. (Keşke yeterince paramız olsaydı.)

I can't help her. I wish I could help her.

   WISH CLAUSES

a)        A wish about the present

"Wish + subject + past tense", kişinin, içinde bulunduğu anda hoşuna gitmeyen olayları, memnuniyetsizliğini ifade eder. "Be" fiili için bütün öznelerle "were" kullanılır.

Ali isn't as tall as his friend  Ahmet.                                                                              
 Ali wishes (that) * he were as tall as his friend Ahmet.                                                   (Ali is sorry that he isn't as tall as his friend Ahmet.)

I am very busy now, so I can't help you.             
 I wish I weren't so busy now.                              (I'm sorry that I'm very busy now.)

I don't know where he is, so I can't contact him.

I wish I knew where he is.(It's a pity that I don't know where he is.)

She doesn't trust me. I wish she trusted me.

I have to stay home today. I wish I didn't have to stay home today.

I can't do anything to relieve the situation.

I wish I could do something to relieve the situation.

He is working now. I wish he weren't working now.

It's raining heavily, so I can't go out.           
I wish it weren't raining so heavily.

b)        A wish about the past

"Wish + subject + past perfect", geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olan olaylardan duyulan pişmanlığı ya da o olaylardan dolayı yakınmayı ifade etmek için kullanılır.

He wasn't here yesterday, so he missed the party.              
  I wish he had been here yesterday.

I had to work yesterday, so I couldn't go to the theatre with them.              
I wish I hadn't had to work yesterday.

I couldn't get up early yesterday, so I was late for my date.

I wish I could have got up/had been able to get up early yesterday.

I didn't have enough money on me, so I couldn't lend him some.                    
 I wish I had had enough money on me.

I was driving very fast at the time of the accident, so the person I hit got seriously injured.

I wish I hadn't been driving fast at the time of the accident,            OR I wish I had been driving more slowly at the time of the accident.

c)       A wish about the future

Wish clause'larda "would"un kullanımı belli kurallara bağlıdır. Temel cümle ile (I wish, she wishes, etc.) yan cümlenin özneleri aynı ise (I wish l ...... She wishes she .....), temel cümlede

"would" kullanamayız. Çünkü "would", içinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte memnun olmadığımız ya  da  hoşumuza  gitmeyen  bir  olayı   bir başkasının  değiştirmesini  istediğimiz anlamını ifade eder. Bu nedenle, iki cümlenin özneleri farklı olduğu zaman (I wish you would ....She wishes they would...) "would" kullanabiliriz.

• I'm sure it will be a wonderful picnic.                                                                             
• I wish you would come too. (I want you to come.)
• You are driving too fast.I wish you would slow down. (I want you to slow down.)
• She is thinking about studying abroad, but I don't want to be away from her.I wish she would change her mind. (I want her to change her mind.)
• It's raining heavily, and 1 don't want to go out in the rain.I wish it would stop raining. (I want the rain to stop.)

Eğer geleceğe yönelik bir ifade kullanmak istiyorsak ama iki cümledeki özneler aynı ise "could" ya da past tense kullanabiliriz.

I have to work tomorrow.

I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow.

She can't come with us tomorrow, and she is disappointed about this.               She wishes she could come with us tomorrow.

I don't think I will have spare time tomorrow to help you, but I wish I could help you.

If only * de "I wish" ile aynı anlamdadır ve aynı tense kurallarına göre kullanılır. Ancak if only biraz daha dramatik (daha üzücü) olayları ifade ederken kullanılır.

If only he hadn't been so seriously injured!

If only I knew where she is living now!

If only we could do something to deaden her pain!

If only you would drive more slowly!

If only'nin bağlı bulunduğu cümleden sonra bir sonuç cümlesi gelebilir. Bu kullanım "I wish" için mümkün değildir.

If only I had known that you were in the hospital, I would have come to visit you.

If only you would drive more slowly, I would feel more relaxed.                   If only I knew where she is living now, I could write to her.

AS IF/AS THOUGH

As if/as though "sanki", "gibi" anlamını verir. Look, seem, sound gibi fiillerle çok sık kullanılır. Eğer as if/as though ile gerçek bir olay hakkındaki izlenimimizi ifade ediyorsak, kullanacağımız tense, gerçeği ifade eden tense olmalıdır.

There are dark clouds in the sky. It seems as if/as though it is going to rain.   
  (Yağmur yağacak gibi görünüyor.)

The travel agent praised the holiday resort a lot. It sounds as if we are going to have a nice holiday.

Look at Sue! She isn't wide awake enough today.
She looks as if she didn't sleep well last night.
(Sanki dün akşam iyi uyumamış gibi görünüyor.) 

The streets are quite clean today. It seems as if they have just cleaned them.

You aren't in a hurry to prepare dinner. It seems as if you had eaten just before arrived.

We haven't told her the bad news, but she is talking as if she knows it.                       It's likely that she heard about it from Sally.

This problem is rather difficult, but you seem as if you can solve it by yourself.

Look at those children in the play ground. They are laughing happily.               
 They seem as if they are having a good time.

She didn't promise me but it seems as if she will help me.

Eğer temel cümledeki fiil past time'a ait ise (She seemed ..., She was talking.... It had seemed..., etc.), as if/as though'dan sonra gelen cümlenin tense'i present ya da future time'a ait bir tense olamaz. Ancak, gerçekte kullandığımız tense'in bir derece past biçimim kullanabiliriz: do yerine did, will yerine would, can yerine could, am/is/are doing yerine was/were doing gibi...

There were dark clouds in the sky. It seemed as if it was going to rain.

She wasn't wide awake enough yesterday. She looked as if she hadn't slept well the previous night.

The streets were quite clean.  It seemed as if they had just cleaned them.

We hadn't told her the bad news, but she was talking as if she knew it. Perhaps she had heard about it from someone else.

The problem was rather difficult, but he seemed as if he could solve it by himself.

The children were playing and laughing happily in the play ground. They seemed as if they were having a good time.

She hadn't promised me, but it seemed as if she would help me.

As if/as though ile gerçekteki izlenimimizi ifade etmiyorsak, sadece bir benzetme yapıyorsak, o zaman gerçeği ifade eden cümlenin past biçimi kullanılır ve bu cümlelerde bir hayal (imagine) ifade edildiği için, "be" fiilinin past biçimi olarak bütün öznelerle "were" kullanımı tercih edilir.

I am not their daughter, but they treat me as if I were their daughter.       
 (Bana kızlarıymışım gibi davranıyorlar.)

She speaks as if she knew everything.   (In truth, she doesn’t know everything.)

Sometimes she talks to her husband as if he were a child. (He isn't a child.)

She is always complaining as if she had no money.                                               
(In fact, she has a lot of money in her bank account.)

I'm exhausted. I feel as if a roller had run over me.                                               
(A roller didn't run over me.)

She speaks English and German as if they were her mother tongue.         
  (English and German aren't her mother tongue.)

Bu tür cümlelerin temel cümlesindeki fiil past tense olduğunda da, as if/as though'lu cümlenin tense'i değişmez.

They treated me as if I were their daughter.

She spoke as if she knew everything.

She talked to her husband as if he were a child.

She was always complaining as if she had no money.

I was exhausted. I felt as if a roller had run over me.

She spoke English and German as if they were her mother tongue.