27 DECEMBER- MODALS

MODALS

a)  MODAL AUXILIARIES
	can/	do it.	Bir modal'dan sonra gelen fiil yalın
I	could	do it.	gelir.
You	may	do it.
He	might	do it.	You must speak slowly.
She	will	do it.
It	would	do it.	Sadece "ought" , kendinden sonra
+	shall	do it.	gelen fiili "to do" biçiminde alır.
We	should	do it.
You	ought to	do it	He ought to eat less.
They	must	do it.	We ought to walk faster.
b) SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
be able	to	do	Bir modal'ın cümleye kattığı anlamı
have	to	do	bir başka ifade ile de verebiliriz.
have got	to	do
used	to	do	He can speak three languages.
be	to	do	He is able to speak three languages.
be supposed	to	do

1-1  POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "I"

MAY          I COULD   I	May I (please) borrow your book ?                       Could I borrow your book (please) ?	"May I" ve "Could I" nazik bir isteme ifadesidir, (formal)
CAN   I	Can I borrow your book ?	"Can I" daha samimi ortamlarda izin islerken kullanılır, (informal)

1  POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "You"

WOULD   YOU	Would you give me some information, please ? Could you please tell me the way to the station ? Will you (please) lend nıe your book ? Can you lend me your dictionary ?
COULD     YOU
Can
WILL    YOU

"Would you mind  ..............?" 

ASKING PERMISSION                                                             Would you mind if I smoked here?                                      Would you mind if I opened the window?	“Would yoy mind if I +past simple..”
ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING Would you mind opening the window?                          Would you mind speaking a bit more quietly?	"Would you mind + doing

MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO

Must, have to ve have got to* (*    "Have got to", daha çok konuşma dilinde kullanılan bir yapıdır. Yazı dilinde pek kullanılmaz) gereklilik ya da zorunluluk ifade eden yapılardır.

Students must study hard in order to pass exams.               
Students have to study hard in order to pass exams.
Students have got to study hard in order to pass exams.

Must you leave now?Yes, I must. ( Yes, I must leave now.)

Have you got to leave now?Yes, I have. (Yes, I have got to leave now.)

Do you have to leave now?Yes. I do. ( Yes, I have to leave now.)

"have to" bir fiil olduğu için bütün tenselerle kullanılabilir.  

Ø  Does your brother have to work so hard?              Yes, he does. ( Yes, he has to work so hard.)

Ø  Did you have to wear a uniform when you were in high school?                                       
Yes, I did. (Yes, I had to wear a uniform.)

Ø  No, classes started at noon last year, so I didn't have to get up early.                                         

Ø  There weren't so many electric appliances in the past, so women had to spend very long hours doing the housework.

Ø  I have had to study hard for some time. (Present Perfect)

Ø  I had had to study very hard for some time and so I became ill. (Past Perfect)  '

 b) Use of "must" and "have to"

"must" ve "have to" , her ikisi de gereklilik, zorunluluk bildirmesine karşın."must" daha çok, konuşmacının kendi içinden gelen bir zorunluluğu, "have to" ise dış etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluğu yansıtır.

Tek tek ele aldığımızda, bu iki cümle arasında pek fark yoktur. Ancak, bu cümlelerin devamında, konuşmanın akışı şöyle olmalıdır.

I must pass the university exam. I have no other choice. If I can't pass it, I won't get a good career and I will be unhappy.

I have to pass the university exam. My parents have spent so much money on me. If not, I'll make them unhappy.

"Must" konuşmacının kendi otoritesini ifade ederken de kullanılır.

(A doctor to his patient)                                                                                                                               You must stop smoking. Your lungs are getting worse.

(Mother to her child)                                                                                                                              You must make your bed when you get up.

Ancak, kendisinden istenen bu işleri ifade ederken, kişinin "have to" kullanması daha uygundur.

(the patient)   I have to stop smoking. The doctor says my lungs are getting worse.

(the child)      I have to make my bed when I get up.   
 

 PROHIBITION :   MUSTN'T

a) Yasaklama ifade eder :

You mustn't cross the street when the light is red.           
 You mustn't speak loudly in a hospital.                               

b) Çok güçlü bir öğüt ifade eder :

You mustn't work so hard. You'll be ill.

You mustn't treat him so strictly. He will get depressed.

2-3 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST

Zorunluluğu ya da gerekliliği ortadan kaldıran yapılar arasında (needn't, don't need to and don't have to) , anlam present ya da future iken bir fark yoktur.

She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't study hard. She is already good at English, (present)

She won't have to/won't need to/needn't work so hard when she pays off the instalments on her car. (future)

Ancak bu yapıların past biçimleri olan "didn't have to", "didn't need to" ve "needn't have done", farklı anlamlar ifade ederler.

a) Didn't have to and didn't need to

"Geçmişte   bir   eylemi yapmam  gerekmedi/yapmak  zorunda  kalmadım,    anlamını vermek istiyorsak "didn't have to" ya da "didn't need to" kullarınız.

I didn't have to/didn't need to wait long for my friends.  They came only ten minutes late.
 (The meaning is: I didn't wait long.)(Çok beklemek zorunda kalmadım. /Çok beklemem gerekmedi.)

She didn't have to/didn't need to go shopping after work.
Her husband had already done the shopping, (so she didn't do it.)

b) Needn't have done

                                                                                                                                                         Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmamız gerekmediği halde yapmışsak, "needn't' have done" kullanırız. Yani "yapmam gerekmezdi, ama yaptım." anlamım ifade eder.

There is plenty of food at home. You needn't have gone shopping.
(It was unnecessary for you to go shopping.)                                                   (Alışveriş yapman gerekmezdi.)

Ø  We were going to have a test the next day, so I studied hard that night until after midnight, but when I went to school that morning, I learnt that our teacher wasn't coming.I needn't have studied so hard.

Ø  We were going to have a test the next morning, but that day,  our teacher suddenly became ill and was taken to hospital, and our test was cancelled, soI didn't need to study/didn't have to study for the test that day.

3-    ADVISABILITY

3-1   Should, Ought to, Had better

"Should" ve "ought to" aynı anlama sahiptir. ".... yapmam gerekir." anlamını verir. "Had better" ise ".... yapmam gerekir/yapsam iyi olur. Eğer yapmazsam, kötü şeyler olabilir." anlamını verir.

I should/ought to study for my geography exam, but I don't feel like studying tonight. I think I'll study for it tomorrow.

"Should" ya da "ought to" kullandığımız zaman, yapmamız gereken işi erteleme olanağımız vardır.)Had better" ise, yapmamız gereken işi yapmadığımız takdirde kötü şeyler olacağını vurgular

I had better study for my geography exam tonight. If not. I'll fail the exam tomorrow.

b) "Should" ve " ought to", bir şeyin nasıl olması gerektiğini ifade ederken de kullanılır.

You have misspelt this word. It should be "courageous".                    
You have brought a rather small box. It should be bigger.

3-2 Should not, Ought not to, Had better not

Bu yapılan, yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütlerken kullanırız.

You shouldn't go to bed so late. A boy of your age should sleep at least eight hours a day.

She ought not to (oughtn't to) treat him so unkindly.

He'd better not work so hard, or he'll make himself ill.                                   

"Should", "ought to" ve "had better"ın present ve future biçimi aynıdır.

I should leave now. (present)I should visit my parents next week, (future)

I ought not to be so permissive to my son. (present)

3-3   Should be doing, Ought to be doing,

Shouldn't be doing, Oughtn't to be doing

İçinde bulunduğumuz ana ilişkin bir öğütte bulunmak istiyorsak, bu yapıları kullanırız.

Why is he sleeping now? He should be studying for his test.

Why are the children still awake at this late hour? They should be sleeping.

3-4 Should have done, Ought to have done

"Should" ve "ought to" nun past biçimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done" dır.

I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work.                           
 I should have set my alarm clock.

The authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up.                                          
 They should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down.

3-5    Should have been doing, Ought to have been doing

Shouldn't have been doing, Oughtn't to have been doing

Geçmişte bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilişkin konuşurken, bu yapılan kullanırız.

While I was coming home yesterday, I  saw some children. They were playing in the street. They shouldn't have been playing there.

They should have been playing in the playground.

4- EXPECTATIONS : BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO

a)      "Be to" ve "be supposed to", bir tarifeye, programa göre olması gereken olayları ifade ederken kullanılır. "Be to", "be supposed to" ya göre daha güçlü bir ifade biçimidir. "Be to" ise "must" ile “Be supposed to” ise should ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir.

.The film is to start at 11.30.The film is supposed to start at 11.30.(Film 11.30'da başlayacak/Filmin 11.30'da başlaması gerekir.)

(I expect the film to start at 11.30. That is the schedule.)

b)      "Be to" ve "be supposed to", birinin bir başkasından beklentilerini ifade ederken de kullanılır.

You are supposed to be on time for class. If you are late, the teacher gets angry. 
(The teacher expects you to be on time for class.)                                                                            
 (Derse vaktinde gelmen gerekir.)

c)      "Be supposed to" nun past biçimi "was/were supposed to" dur. "Should have done" ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak, yine bir başkasının geçmişte bizden beklentisini ifade eder.

I was supposed to go to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so my boss got angry with me.
 (Result: I went to work late.)

(Dün işe erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ......)

5-     ABILITY :     CAN and BE ABLE TO

5-1   Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken "can" ya da "be able to" kullanırız.

He can speak two foreign languages fluently.

He is able to speak two foreign languages fluently.

"Be able to" diğer tense'lere göre çekimlenebilir.

He is able to speak very good English. (Present)                                                                                     He has been able to speak English for ten years. (Present Perfect)                                                             He was able to speak good English when he was a child. (Simple Past)                                                      He will be able to speak English even better when he stays in England for some time. (Future) He should be able to speak English well, because he has been living in England for six years. (With other modals)                                                                                                                                     
  He had been able to speak English for five years when he went to England. (Past Perfect)

5-2   "Can" yapılması mümkün olan olayları ifade ederken de kullanılır.

I'm very busy now, so I can't help you.(It's not possible for me to help you now.)

I'll finish my work in an hour, so I can help you then.                           
(It's possible for me to help you after I finish my work.)

5-3    "Can", birine bir şey yapması için izin verilirken de kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla, "can", "may" ile aynı anlamı verir.

(The shop owner to the customer)

-   You can/may leave your purchases here until you finish your shopping.                               
Then you can come and get them.

5-4   "Can" in past biçimi "could", "be able to" nun past biçimi ise "was/were able to" dur.                                                    

I could run very fast when I was a child.

I was able to run very fast when I was a child.

"Could", geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişte birine izin verme  gibi  durumları  ifade ederken kullanılır.

Mozart could play the piano when he was only four, (ability in the past)

It was raining heavily. We could go out only when it stopped raining.

(permission in the past)

(It became possible for us to go out only when the rain stopped.)

"Was/were able to" da. geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişteki izin verme durumlarını ifade ederken kullanılır. Ancak, "geçmişte zor bir durumun üstesinden gelme" anlamı (manage to do), sadece "was/were able to" ile ifade edilir. "Could" bu anlamda kullanılmaz.

(ability in the past)

He was a good student when he was in high school.

He could/was able to get very high grades in every subject.

 (permission in the past)

When their maths teacher didn't come, the students could/were able to leave school earlier than usual.

(one specific event in the past: only "was/were able to")

I overslept yesterday, and missed the bus, but I was able to get to work on time by taxi.

(I managed to get to work on time by taxi.)

Last month, there was a huge fire in our street. Luckily, the fire brigade came just in time to    extinguish it, so everybody was able to escape unhurt.

Olumsuz ifadelerde, her üç durum için de (ability, giving permission or one specific event in the past), "couldn't" ya da "wasn't/weren't able to" kullanabiliriz. "Couldn't" daha çok kullanılır.

I couldn't/wasn't able to use a computer just three months ago, but now I can.

6-      MAKING SUGGESTIONS

Öneri getirirken çeşitli yapılar kullanabiliriz.

6-1    LET'S + DO SOMETHING

A: I have a test tomorrow, but I don't understand some of the grammar patterns.                                      B: Let's study together. (Birlikte çalışalım.)

It's a nice day today. Let's not stay home.

"Let's" ve "Let's not", sonuna "shall we?" ya da "okay?" eklenerek soru biçimine dönüştü­rülebilir.

A: Let's go to the cinema after class, shall we?                  (Dersten sonra sinemaya gidelim, olur mu?)

B: I'm afraid I can't. I have to go home right after class. My mother will be waiting for me.

A: Let's buy her a silver ring for her birthday, okay?                        
 B: Good idea! She likes wearing silver jewellery.

6-2   WHY DON'T / DOESN'T + SUBJECT......?

"Why don't .....?" yapısı, soru biçiminde olmasına karşın, gerçek bir soru değildir. Öneri getirir.

— I'm getting sleepy.

— Why don't you go to bed?  (Neden yatmıyorsun?)

— I think I will.

— Bill has a terrible toothache.

— Why doesn't he go to his dentist?

— I think he is afraid of visiting the dentist.

6-3   SHALL WE /I ....?

"Shall", özne olarak sadece "we" ve "I" ile kullanılır.

— What shall we do tonight?

— Let's go to the cinema.

— No, let's not. It seems to be a warm night, and I don't want to be inside.

— Okay then. Why don't we go to the seaside and walk along the coast?

— That sounds like a good idea.

— We should all contribute to the picnic.

— Okay. Shall I bring some pastries? My mother can make delicious pastries.                         
  — That would be fine.

 "Shall I/we ........?" sorusu Türkçe'ye "........ yapayım mı/yapalım mı?" biçiminde çevrilir.

Shall I help you? (Sana yardım edeyim mi?)

Shall we take a rope and a ball with us when we go on the picnic?

(Pikniğe giderken yanımıza ip ve top alalım mı?)

6-4   COULD

    "Could" da, öneri getirirken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir.

— I want to take my son somewhere tomorrow, but I can't think of anywhere interesting. Got any suggestions?

— Well, you could take him to the theatre or cinema or you could go to a park. To take him to the zoo would be very exciting too, I think.

7-     EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

Eğer bir konuda kesin olarak gerçeği bilmiyorsak, o konuda tahminlerde bulunuruz. Bu tahminlerimizi, derecelerine göre, "must, may, might, could" gibi modal yardımcı fiilleriyle ifade ederiz.

7-1   PRESENT TIME

a)      Positive Statements:

Eğer bir gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak, modal kullanmaya gerek yoktur.                                                                                        

— Why is Peter at home today? Why didn't he go to work?                                                              
  — He is ill. (I know that he is ill.)

Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "must" kullanırız.

— Why is Peter at home today?

— Well, he must be ill. (Hasta olmalı.)                                                                         
  (I saw him last night, and he wasn't feeling very well, so I'm sure that he is ill today.)

— How does he know so much about everything?

— Well, he must read a lot. (Çok okuyor olmalı.)

Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ve güçsüz bir tahminde (ya da tahminlerde) bulunuyorsak, yani aklımıza gelen olasılıkları ifade etmek istiyorsak, "may, might, could" kullanırız.

— Why is Peter at home today?

— Well, I don't know. He may/might/could be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)                      (There may be some other possibilities, but I don't know. Perhaps/ Possibly/Maybe * he is ill. He is probably ill. It's likely that he is ill.)

— Why is Peter at home today? — He is ill. (100% sure) — Why is Peter at home today? — He must be ill. (95% sure) — Why is Peter at home today? — He may/might/could be ill. (About 50% sure)

 

b)      Negative Statements

Eğer gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak, durumu modal kullanmadan ifade ederiz.

— Why isn't Peter eating anything?

— He isn't hungry. (I know that he is not hungry.)

Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama bazı temellere dayanarak güçlü bir tahminde bulunmak istiyorsak "can't" ya da "couldn't" * kullanırız. Bu yapıları Türkçe'ye "........ olamaz, imkansız"biçiminde çevirebiliriz.

— Your brother says he is very hungry.

— No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a huge meal just half an hour ago.                         (It's impossible that he is hungry.)                                                                                      
  (Hayır, aç olamaz. Aç olması imkansız.)

Yine güçlü bir tahmini ("can't" ve "couldn't" a göre daha cılız), aklımıza gelen en mantıklı tahmini ifade etmek için "must not **" kullanırız. Bu kullanımıyla "must not" genellikle kısaltılmaz.

— Jane always gets low grades in history.

— She must not study hard enough.                                                                                     (Yeterince çalışmıyor olmalı. Herhalde yeterince çalışmıyor.)

Tahminimiz güçsüz ise, sadece aklımıza gelen olasılıkları ifade ediyorsak "may not" ya  "might not" kullanırız.

— Why is Peter eating only salad? He hasn't even touched his fish.

— I don't know. He may not/might not like fish.                                                                      (Balığı sevmiyor olabilir. Belki de balığı sevmiyordur.)                                         (Maybe/Perhaps he doesn't like fish.)

He isn't in his room. (100% sure) He can't/couldn't be in his room. (99% sure) He must not be in his room. (95% sure) He may not/might not be in his room, (about 50% sure)

-2    PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

Tahminde  bulunurken  kullandığımız modal yardımcı fiillerini,  içinde  bulunduğumuz anda devam etmekte olduğunu zannettiğimiz eylemleri ifade etmek için de kullanırız.

— Where is your brother?

— I'm not sure, but he  must be studying in his room. He has an exam tomorrow. (I'm almost sure that he is studying in his room.)
   (Odasında ders çalışıyor olmalı.)

— I don't know. She may be going to the cinema, or she might/may/could be going shopping. (I think she is going shopping or to the cinema.)                                                               
  (Sinemaya ya da alışverişe gidiyor olabilir.)

— Don't make so much noise. Your brother is studying in the next room.

— No, he can't/couldn't be studying in the next room. I saw him in the street playing with other children just a quarter of an hago.                                                                                    
(It's impossible that he is studying in his room.)  
 (Odasında ders çalışıyor olamaz. Ders çalışıyor olması imkansız.)

— Do you hear some noise from the baby's room?

— Yes, I sure do. She must not be sleeping.                                                                (I'm almost sure that she isn't sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmalı.)

7-3   PAST TIME

Geçmişe   ilişkin   tahminlerimizi   ifade   ederken,   aynı   modal  yardımcı   fiillerinin   "perfect" biçimlerini kullanırız.

— I can't find my grammar book.

—  Well, you must have left it in the classroom.
(I'm almost sure that you left it in the classroom.)              
 (Sınıfta unutmuş olmalısın. Herhalde sınıfta unuttun.)

— I can't find my grammar book. I don't know where I left it. I may/might/could have left it in the classroom or I may/might/could have left it on the bus.
 (It's possible that I left it in the classroom or on the bus.
(Sınıfta unutmuş olabilirim ya da otobüste unutmuş olabilirim.)

— I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day. but I didn't talk to her. She was in a crowded group.

— No, you can't/couldn't have seen her there. She has been out of town for two weeks. She left for London two weeks ago.
 (It's impossible that you saw her there.)(Onu görmüş olamazsın. Onu görmüş olman imkansız.)

— Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterday's test.

— Well, she must not have studied hard enough.                
 (I'm almost sure that she didn't study hard enough.)
 (Yeterince çalışmamış olmalı. Herhalde yeterince çalışmadı.)

NOTE:                  "Could have done" ve "couldn't have done" kalıplarının şu iki kullanımı arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. 1-         a)   I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at home.                                                                                                                       (Sinemaya gidebilirdim ama evde kalmayı tercih ettim.)  (The result is: I didn't go to the cinema.) b)  Last week, my husband was going to have a match with his friends, but he didn't go. Later we found out that the match had been cancelled, so he couldn't have gone even if he had wanted to.  (İsteseydi bile gidemezdi)  (The result is: He didn't go to the match) 2-         a)  When I phoned her, she wasn't at home. She could have gone to the cinema, because she had told me that there was a good film on at the Süreyya cinema and that she wanted to see it. (Sinemaya gitmiş olabilir.)                                                                               (The result is: Perhaps she was at the cinema when I phoned her.) b)  He couldn't have gone to the match yesterday, because his leg has been in plaster since the previous match. (Dünkü maça gitmiş olamaz, çünkü .........)                                                                           (The result is: It's impossible that he went to the match yesterday.

Bu   iki   anlam   arasındaki  farla  ancak "context"den,  yani  parçanın  ya  da  konuşmanın bütününden çıkarabiliriz.

7-4 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

Geçmişte  bir  noktada   devam   etmekte   olduğunu   tahmin   ettiğimiz   eylemleri   ifade   etmek istiyorsak, modal yardımcı fiillerinin "perfect progressive" biçimlerini kullanırız.

must may/might/could       + have been doing can't/couldn't                                                           must not                                                                                         may not/might not

— 



Peter had a car accident last Saturday. He said that a child had suddenly pushed himself in front of his car, and that he had swerved to the left so as not to hit the child, but couldn't avoid running into another car.

— Then, he must have been driving fast at the time of the accident.                                 (Kaza sırasında hızlı sürüyordu herhalde.)

7-5   FUTURE TIME

Geleceğe   ilişkin    olaylardan   sözediyorsak,    "will,   should/ought to, may /might /could" kullanabiliriz. "Must" geleceğe ilişkin tahminde bulunurken kullanılmaz. Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, 'must be doing' kullanabiliriz.

Linda must be giving a huge party for her birthday next week. I saw her buying lots of food and drinks at the market today.

Eğer bir olayın olacağından kesin olarak eminsek, "will" kullanırız.

— He will pass his driving test. He is very good at driving.                 

Güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "should/ought to" kullanırız.

— He took plenty of driving lessons, and he drives the car very well. He should/ought to pass the test.                                                                            
 (Yeterince direksiyon dersi aldı. Sınavı geçmesi gerekir. Herhalde geçer.)

8- PREFERENCE

Tercihlerimizi ifade ederken, "would rather/would sooner", "would prefer" ve "like something better than something" kalıplarını kullanırız.

a) WOULD RATHER/WOULD SOONER

"Would rather" ve "would sooner"dan sonra gelen fiil yalındır. "Sir şeyi bir şeye tercih ederim" demek için ise arada "than" kullanılır. "Would rather" ve "would sooner" aynı anlama gelir, ancak "would rather" daha çok kullanılır.

I would rather read something than watch TV.

Eğer iki taraftaki fiil aynı ise, fiili sadece birinci tarafta kullanmak yeterlidir.

I'd rather/sooner drink coffee than (drink) tea.                                                              (Çay içmektense/çay içmek yerine, kahve içmeyi tercih ederim.)

İki tarafta kullanılan preposition aynı ise, preposition'ı sadece birinci tarafta kullanmamız yeterlidir.

She'd rather go to the theatre than (go to) the cinema.

"Would rather be doing" içinde bulunduğumuz anda yapmakta olduğumuz işten hoşnut olmadığımızı ifade eder ve "Bunu yapıyor olmak yerine başka bir şey yapıyor olmayı tercih ederdim." anlamını verir.

I'd rather be walking by the seaside than (be) studying here now.                                            (Şimdi burada ders çalışıyor olmak yerine sahilde yürüyor olmayı tercih ederdim.)   (But I'm studying now.)

"Would rather have done" ve "would sooner have done" geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz ama yapamadığımız eylemleri ifade eder.

I'd rather have stayed home than (have) gone to the cinema last night.

(But I went to the cinema.)

(Dün akşam sinemaya gitmek yerine evde kalmayı tercih ederdim.)

Olumsuz cümlelerde, olumsuzluk eki "not", "rather" ve "sooner"dan sonra gelir,

I'd rather not tell him the news. It's really depressing. (Present)                  (Haberi ona söylememeyi tercih ederim.)

I'd rather not be studying right now, but I am. (Present Progressive)

I'd rather not have invited her to my party. She caused us a lot of trouble by drinking too much.   (But invited her.) (Past)

b)      Eğer, "would rather /sooner" ın öznesiyle, eylemi yapacak olan kişi farklıysa, "would rather+subject+past tense" kalıbı kullanılır. Cümlede Past Tense kullanılmasına rağmen, anlam present ya da future'dur.

She wants to be a nurse, but I'd rather she became a teacher.                                         
They want to travel by train, but I'd rather they travelled by car.

Bir bankasının geçmişte yapmasını tercih ettiğimiz ama gerçekleşmemiş eylemleri "would rather + subject + Past Perfect" ile ifade ederiz.

I'd rather she had gone to Ankara by train, but she went by bus.                                  
(Trenle gitmiş olmasını tercih ederdim, ama ........)

c)     PREFER and WOULD PREFER

prefer (doing) something to (doing) something else                                   prefer to do something rather than (do) something else

I prefer coffee to tea. / She prefers vegetables to meat.

Eğer fiil kullanrrsak fiil "-ing" takısı alır.

I prefer drinking coffee to (drinking) tea.                                                                                          

"Would prefer", "would rather" ile aynı anlamdadır. Ancak kullanımdaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.

"Would prefer"den sonra isim gelebilir.

— Would you prefer tea or coffee?

— Neither, please. I'd prefer a cold lemonade.

"Would prefer"den sonra fill, "to do" biçiminde gelir. "Would rather"dan sonra ise isim gelmez, mutlaka fiil gelir ve fiil yalın haliyle gelir.

I would rather stay at home tonight than go out.

I would prefer to stay at home tonight rather than/than (to) go out.

Past biçimleri için de aynı kural geçerlidir.

I would rather have stayed at home last night than (have) gone out.                                            
 I would prefer to have stayed at home last night than/rather

                                 (Dün akşam dışarı çıkmak yerine evde kalmayı tercih ederdim.)

would rather someone did something

Birinin birşey yapmasını  tercih  ederken:    kalıbının  kullanıldığını görmüştük.

I would rather he himself decided on this occasion.                They would rather I didn't live in a separate house.

Aynı  anlamı  "would prefer" ile vermek istersek,  "object +  to do" biçiminde ifade etmemiz gerekir.

I would prefer him to decide himself on this occasion.               They would prefer me not to live separately.

d)      LIKE SOMETHING BETTER THAN SOMETHING ELSE

I like coffee better than tea.

I like walking better than running.

She likes swimming better than sunbathing on the beach.

(Yüzmeyi, plajda güneşlenmekten daha çok seviyor.)                 (Plajda güneşlenmektense, yüzmeyi tercih ediyor.)

9-     HABITUAL PAST :   USED TO AND WOULD

a)      "Used to", geçmişte yaptığımız, ama artık yapmadığınız ya da geçmişte çok sık yaptığımız ama şimdi az yaptığımız eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

I used to live in a village when I was a child.
(But now I don't live in a village.)                        (Çocukken köyde otururdum.)

I used to go to the cinema very often when I was at university, but now I don't have time to go so often.   (I rarely go to the cinema now.)                                                                                (Üniversitedeyken, sinemaya çok sık giderdim.)

There was/were yerine "there used to be" kullanabiliriz.

There used to be a cinema in our village when I was a child, but it closed down when television became popular.                                                                                                                                     

b)      "Used to"nun olumsuz biçimi "didn't use to"dur. "Didn't use to" daha çok kullanılır ve "geçmişte yapmazdım ama şimdi yapıyorum" anlamını verir.

I didn't use to eat fish when I was a child, but now I do.                       
  (Now I eat fish.) (Çocukken balık yemezdim.)

She didn't use to have long hair when she was a student. Now she has lovely long hair. (Öğrenciyken saçlarını uzatmazdı.)

c)        Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı Simple Past Tense ile de ifade edebiliriz,

Women wore very long dresses in the Middle Ages.                          Women used to wear very long dresses in the Middle Ages. (Ortaçağ’da kadınlar çok uzun elbiseler giyerdi.

d)      Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı, sürekli yaptığımız işleri "would" ile de ifade edebiliriz Ancak "would" sadece eylem bildiren fiillerle (action verbs) kullanılır. "Be, have, know, understand, etc."gibi durum bildiren fiillerle kullanılmaz. "Used to" hem durum bildiren hem de eylem bildiren fiillerle kullanılır.

I used to/would fly kites in my childhood.

She used to/would sing beautiful folk songs when she was in primary school.

He used to/would run so fast in his youth that no one could ever catch him.

NOTE:                "Used to do" ile "be used to doing" arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz. "Used to do", "geçmişte yapardım.' anlamını verir. "Be used to doing something" ise "Bîr şeyi yapmaya alışkınım" anlamına gelir.                                                                                                                            I'm used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the mornings.                                      (Sabahlan kalkar kalkmaz kahve içmeye alışkınım.)

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS/YDS

1-   As a comedian he is no longer appreciated but ten years ago people ......... at his jokes.

A) used to laugh

B) have been laughing

C) are used to laughing

D) have laughed

E) had laughed             (1990 - ÖYS)

2-   My dictionary isn't in its usual place; someone ......... it.

A) should be borrowed

B) can borrow

C) might borrow

D) must have borrowed

E) ought to borrow          (1991 - ÖYS)

3-   I.........travel by coach to Istanbul last week because the airline pilots were on strike.

A) ought to             B) need to

C) had to                D) am to

E) should

(1992-ÖYS)

4-   You ................ your doctor before you started dieting.

A) might consult

B) can consult

C) have to consult

D) should have consulted

E) have consulted

(1992 - ÖYS)

5-   You ............ wear jeans or trainers at a formal gathering. It wouldn't be right.

A) needn't               B) don't have to                   C) might not        D) weren't able to                             E) mustn't

(1993 - ÖYS)

6-    I.......... at a research centre but I decided to work for an oil company since the pay was much better.

A) could have worked

B) may work

C) had to work

D) had better work

E) have been working

(1993-ÖYS)

7- Inequalities of income could grow as the difference between skilled and unskilled workers widens.

A) Gelirlerdeki eşitsizlik arttıkça vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki fark belirgin leşebilir.

B) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki fark büyüdüğü için, gelir, eşitsizlikleri artıyor.

C) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki gelir eşitsizliği gittikçe artmaktadır.

D) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler arasındaki fark açıldıkça gelir eşitsizlikleri artabilir.

E) Vasıflı ve vasıfsız işçiler, aralarındaki gelir eşitsizliğinin arttığım biliyorlar.

(1996-ÖYS)

8-   So far we haven't been able to get any reliable information about the extent of the food poisoning on the campus.

A) Kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin boyutları ile ilgili şu anki bilgilerimiz hiç de güvenilir değil.

B) Şu ana kadar edindiğimiz bilgiler, kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin gerçek boyutlarını gösterir nitelikte değil.

C) Şu ana kadar elimize, kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin nedenleri ile ilgili güvenilir bilgiler ulaşmadı.

D) Şu ana kadar, kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin boyutları ile ilgili hiçbir güvenilir bilgi edinemedik.

E) Kampüsteki gıda zehirlenmesinin boyutlarına ilişkin bilgilerimizin hiçbiri yeterince güvenilir değil.

(1998 - ÖYS)

9-   Sally worked all the weekend to finish the project in time, but actually she ...... so.

A) couldn't have done

B) wouldn't have done

C) doesn't have to do

D) may not do

E) needn't have done

(YDS-2000)

TEST YOURSELF

1-50. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan boşluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

l-   You ....... your own canoe in order to join the canoe club. They cost a lot of money. You ....... mine whenever you want to go canoeing.

A) mustn't buy/had borrowed

B) won't have bought/should borrow

C) needn't buy/can borrow

D) might not buy/would borrow             E) can't buy/used to borrow

2-   He is so poor now it's hard to believe that when he was young, he ....... down the street in his Rolls Royce or sometimes his Jaguar car.

A) has been driving

B) would drive

C) should have driven

D) has driven

E) may be driving

3-   Just as my daughter was about to leave the house on her wedding day, my son spilt some tea on her dress. Fortunately, we ....... the stain with some special soap before the wedding took place.

A) were able to remove

B) must have removed

C) might be removing

D) could remove        
 E) used to remove

4-  A: Is Julian not visiting Aunt May with us today?  

B: Well, he's been called out to an emergency, but he ....... us there if he finishes early.

A) has joined

B) could have joined

C) was joining

D) might join

E) would be joining

  

5-  A: What were you doing at the bank yesterday?

B: I ........ my bank manager for a loan to repair our house, and luckily, I managed to get it.

A) must have asked

B) used to ask

C) had to ask

D) should have asked                E) ought to ask

6-   A: I can't believe Jane isn't here to collect her award.

B: She ......... the invitation. We definitely should have checked that she had got it.

A) would rather not receive

B) had better not receive

C) isn't supposed to receive

D) needn't have received          

E) must not have received

7-   A: Did you speak to Sam about the plans for the cake sale to raise money for charity?

B: Yes, I did and she ........ bake some biscuits and cakes if she has time.

A) might be able to                                              B) was able to
C) used to                                            D) had better
E) has had to

8-  Our plane ............. in Cairo hours ago, but we haven't even taken off from Heathrow yet.

A) was supposed to land

B) must have landed

C) ought to be landing

D) will have landed                                                 
E) might be landing

9-   This steak is a little undercooked for my taste. .......... putting it back under the grill for another five minutes?

A) Why don't you

B) Would you mind

C) Would you like

D) Do you prefer  
 E) Do you mind if I

10- A: I wonder why Mary didn't want to come shopping in Oxford Street with us.

B: I don't know. She ........ short of money these days because her new kitchen cost her a lot of money.

A) will be                 B) has been                    C) can be     D) would be

E) could be

11-  I ......... to the office to send e-mail any longer. The company has bought me a lap top computer and a mobile phone which can be used for electronic mail and the Internet.

A) didn't use to return

B) may not return

C) needn't have returned

D) don't have to return                   
E) must not have returned

12- You .......... so envious of your brother. He is so successful because, unlike you, he works extremely hard.

A) haven't been                  B) won't be
C) weren't                D) shouldn't be
E) may not be

13- Oh dear, we seem to have run out of salt. I........ to the corner shop before dinner.

A) am able to go

B) needed to go

C) could have gone

D) must have gone              E) will have to go

14- I can't understand why Dad is now so careful with his money. He ...... such a generous person.

A) would be             B) has been
C) used to be          D) will be
E) must be

15- Trade is so poor these days! We ........ just two cars since I started working here a month ago.

A) have been able to sell

B) used to sell

C) had to sell

D) will have sold

E) are supposed to sell

16- A: ......... we drive to Sultan Ahmet in our new car?

B: Well, I........ take the ferry to avoid the traffic.

A) May/must

B) Can/would like

C) Must/prefer

D) Shall/would sooner                E) Would/had better

18-  ........ you do me a favour please?                                      ........ you ask Mrs Green if the interview room is available?

A) Might/May          B) May/Could
C) Would/Do                     D) Shall/Might
E) Could/Would

19- I was falling asleep while I was typing my speech last night. The only way I ......... awake was by drinking lots of strong coffee.

A) ought to stay

B) would rather stay

C) have stayed

D) may stay                 E) could stay

20- ......... you hold this shelf here while I go and get my hammer?

A) May                              B) Must               C) Should                 D) Will               E) Shall

 21- The tyres of my car ............. thin already. I only replaced them in January. I'll have to buy better quality ones next time.

A) shouldn't have worn

B) needn't have worn

C) didn't wear

D) aren't supposed to wear                 
 E) haven't worn

22- According to their letter, we ........ them, with a copy of our company's accounts before we can order any cars on contract hire.

A) have supplied

B) have to supply

C) may have supplied

D) used to supply             E) had supplied

23- I suppose I ........ to type his report for him, but, at the time, I didn't know how important it was.

A) have had to offer

B) may have offered

C) could have offered

D) would rather offer              E) was able to offer

24- A: Why is Mum still in hospital? She ........ home today.

B: They wanted to do some more tests.

A) must have come

B) was supposed to come

C) had better come

D) used to come                   
  E) may have come

25- I'd like to have some people for dinner tonight, but it is too late to ask anyone because they ....... their plans already.

A) had better make

B) used to make

C) are making

D) may have made                  E) can make

26- George ....... better in the tennis tournament than I thought he ....... because he got through   to the finals.

A) must have played/could

B) will have played/ought to

C) should be playing/did

D) ought to play/can

E) had better play/should

27- Ever since he took on this part-time job, he ......... enough time on his studies.

A) can't spend

B) isn't able to spend

C) hasn't been able to spend

D) wasn't able to spend       E) couldn't spend

28- Now that they have raised the prices at the          gym, I....... going there, or I'll have difficulty paying it.

A) must have stopped

B) used to stop

C) had better stop

D) might have stopped       
  E) had stopped

29- My brother's eyesight is perfect, but I ....... glasses since I was seven years old.

A) ought to wear

B) must have worn

C) have to wear

D) had better wear            E) have had to wear

30- Would you mind if I .......... these trade magazines home to read? I never get time to read them in the office.

A) to take                 B) took                    C) am taking      D) taking

E) have taken

31- I am really surprised that Robby hasn't signed up yet for the skiing holiday this year. He ....... the first to book every year.

A) will be                 B) may have been                 C) would be     D) could be

E) used to be

32- Your mother ....... a restaurant. She is such a wonderful cook. If she opened a restaurant, I'm sure it would be full every night.

A) must have opened

B) used to open

C) should open

D) would open

E) was able to open

33- We ........ offices soon. I saw the boss this morning viewing the new office block next to the station.

A) would rather be moving

B) had better move                C) would have moved         D) may be moving                E) have been moving

34- A: Peter in the accounts department retired yesterday.

B: He ....... permanently yesterday. I saw him at his desk only this morning.

A: Oh, well, he had his retirement presentation yesterday, but perhaps that was because the Chairman was here. Maybe he is leaving on Friday.

A) can't have left

B) ought not to leave

C) hasn't left

D) needn't have left                    
  E) had better not leave

35- A: Did you have a busy day at the shop? If you did, you .......... rushed off your feet without me there.

B: No, I wasn't. It was quite a quiet day.

A) must have been

B) have been

C) used to be

D) would rather be            E) might be

36- I was just about to buy a new pair when the police rang to say my handbag had been found with my glasses still inside, so I ........ a new pair after all.

A) needn't have bought

B) mustn't buy

C) wasn't supposed to buy

D) shouldn't have bought                   E) didn't need to buy

37- A: Why is she still perspiring? She ........ too hot — I've taken herjuniper off.

B: In that case, she ........ a fever. You'd better take her temperature.

A) can't be/must have

B) isn't/would rather have

C) wouldn't be/is having

D) needn't be/ought to have               
 E) shouldn't be/had

38- Please Mum, ....... I watch the film tonight? I have finished all my homework.

A) would                 B) may                                   C)  do  D) should

E) must

39- I really miss Istanbul, where I lived  when I was younger. On summer evenings, we ....... along the coast by the Sea of Marmara when the Sun was setting behind Kınalıada.

A) ought to walk      B) have walked                C) would walk       D) had walked       E) might walk

   

40- A: Julester looks so slim.

B: Has she been dieting?

A: Not that I'm aware of.

B: Well, she .......... very hard then.                                   
She goes horse-riding, doesn't she?

A) must have been exercising

B) was exercising

C) had better exercise

D) was able to exercise

E) will have been exercising

41- You ........ a tie on Friday. They don't let men into the restaurant unless they are wearing a tie.

A) would wear                   B) must wear
C) can wear             D) may wear
E) could wear

42- Jennifer ......... the promotion that she is expecting as she hasn't reached her sales target yet.

A) shouldn't have got

B) hadn't got

C) didn't use to get

D) wasn't getting             
E) may not get

43- Mum, according to what the doctor instructed you to do, you ....... any salt on your food, you know! If you insist on eating that much salt, you're bound to have another heart attack!

A) needn't have put

B) didn't use to put

C) haven't put

D) don't have to put

E) aren't supposed to put

44- Alfred ......... his ankle badly as we ........ in the mountains last Saturday.

A) used to sprain/hiked

B) has sprained/could be hiking

C) must have sprained/have hiked

D) sprained/were hiking

E) may sprain/have been hiking

45- ........ I look after Katie for a couple of hours           so that you and Kevin can go to the cinema?

A) Would                 B) Let                               C) Do        D) Did

E) Shall

46- During the strike of the railway workers,     many commuters ....... a taxi to and from           work by coming three or four people together    so that they could afford it.

A) have been hiring

B) had to hire

C) ought to hire

D) will be hiring

E) might hire

47- We .... by the river, but unfortunately, the riverside car park was full.

A) should be parking

B) had parked

C) had better park

D) were going to park         
 E) are supposed to park

48- You ........ some more appointments to get some more business. You're never going to achieve your sales target at this rate.

A) used to make

B) were making

C) should make

D) have made

E) would make

49- You haven't got time to do the gardening. I think you ....... a gardener, don't you think so?

A) ought to employ

B) have employed

C) are employing

D) must have employed                       
 E) employed

50- I'm glad that you ........ your father to let you come on this trip with us. It wouldn't be so enjoyable without you!

A) must have persuaded

B) could have persuaded

C) might be persuading  

D) were able to persuade                          
E) used to persuade

51 -55. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz.

 

51- Bana daha fazla ayrıntı vermeyi reddettiğiniz için sizi mahkemede savunamayacağımı üzülerek bildiriyorum.

A) Your refusal to give me further information was the reason why I had to inform you that it was impossible for me to defend you.

B) I'm sorry that I can't defend you in court because you haven't given me all the particulars required.

C) Your refusal to provide further particulars, regrettably, led to my refusal to agree to defend you in court.

D) Since you refuse to give me further particulars, I regret to inform you that I won't be able to defend you in court.

E) Regrettably, I cannot agree to defend you in court unless you give me further particulars.

52- Mutfak penceresinin önündeki çam ağacını kesmek zorunda kaldılar çünkü binanın temeline zarar veriyordu.

A) If they hadn't cut down the old pine tree from in front of the kitchen window, it might have damaged the foundations of the building.

B) They were forced to cut down the pine tree in front of the kitchen window for fear that it would damage the foundations of the building.

C) Basically, they had to cut down the pine tree in front of the building because it was blocking the kitchen window completely.

D) They only cut down the old pine tree. which stood in front of the kitchen window, when it started to damage the foundations of the building.

E) They had to cut down the pine tree in front of the kitchen window as it was damaging the foundations of the building.

53- Bir ev hanımının dünyası sadece mutfak ve çocuk odasıyla sınırlı olmamalıdır.

A) She shouldn't restrict her world to that of a housewife, merely working in the kitchen and the nursery.

B) A housewife's world should not be restricted to just the kitchen and the nursery.

C) A housewife's life should also include experiences outside the kitchen and the nursery.

D) As a housewife, her world has been restricted to the kitchen and the nursery.

E) A large part of a housewife's life is limited to working in the kitchen and the nursery.

54- Her şeyi tek başına yapmaya çalışmak yerine, bizden ya da profesyonel birinden yardım isteyebilirdin.

A) You didn't need to ask for a professional's help as, with our help, you were able to manage everything without it.

B) It would have been better if you had asked for our or a professional's help, but you tried to do everything yourself.

C) You could have asked for our or a professional's help instead of trying to do everything on your own.

D) Instead of doing everything all alone, you should have asked for our help, or even a professional's.

E) You needn't have asked for our or a professional's help as you could have easily managed everything by yourself.

55- Birkaç emlakçıya uğrayıp kiralarla ilgili genel bîr fikir edinince, o bölgede oturmaya gücümüzün yetmeyeceğini anladık.

A) When we'd called at a few estate agents' and got a general opinion of the rents, we realised that we couldn't afford to live in that area.

B) After we'd asked several estate agents for their opinion, it became obvious that we couldn't afford to live around there.

C) Though we were aware that the area was unaffordable for us, we still visited a few estate agents in order to get a general idea of the rents there.

D) If we had spoken to a few estate agents and grasped the general level of rent charged there, we wouldn't have decided to move to that part of town.

E) Most of the estate agents we visited held the opinion that the rents charged in the area were too high for us to afford.

	56-60. sorularda, verilen İngilizce                        cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz.

 

56- Since my sister was very shy as a child, whenever she was invited to a party, she would make up an excuse and not want to go.

A) Kardeşim çok çekingen bir çocuk olduğu için bir partiye davet edildiğinde hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmezdi.

B) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu için ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, bir mazeret uydurur gitmek istemezdi.

C) Çocukluğundan beri çok çekingen olan kardeşim ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmek istemez.

D) Çocukken çok çekingen olan kardeşim istemediği partilere katılmamak için mutlaka bir mazeret bulurdu.

E) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu için hiçbir partiye katılmaz, davet edildiği zaman da bir mazeret uydururdu.  

57- Parents should not be too permissive with         their children, or they may lose their control  over them completely when the children grow up.

A) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onlar üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirmiş olan ebeveynler küçükken onlara karşı çok tavizkar davranmış olmalılar.

B) Ebeveynlerin çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olmaması gerekir yoksa çocuklar büyüdüklerinde onları kontrol etmek zor olur.

C) Çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olan          ebeveynler çocukları büyüdüğünde onların üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirirler.

D) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onların üzerindeki kontrollerini yitirmek istemiyorlarsa ebeveynlerin, çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olmaması gerekir.

E) Ebeveynler çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olmamalılar yoksa çocuklar büyüdüğünde         onlar üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirebilirler

58- Even the owners of the houses not damaged during the earthquake could not return to  their houses for days due to fear.

A) Evleri hasar görmediği halde bazı insanlar depremden sonra günlerce içeri girmekten korktu.

B) İnsanlar, depremden günler sonra, hiç hasar görmemiş evlere bile korkarak girebildiler.

C) Depremden günler sonra, yıkılmayan evlerin sahipleri bile korkudan evlerine                 giremiyorlardı.

D) Depremde hasar görmemiş evlerin  sahipleri bile, korkudan günlerce evlerine giremediler.

E) İnsanlar depremden o kadar korkmuştu ki    evleri hasar görmemiş olanlar bile günlerce         içeri giremedi.

59- In an effort to sabotage others' computers, some users, called hackers, create software that can damage a computer's programs or data.

A) Başkalarının bilgisayarlarım sabote etmek amacıyla, hacker adı verilen bazı kullanıcılar, bilgisayarın programlarına ya da verilerine zarar verebilen programlar üretiyorlar.

B) Başka bilgisayarları sabote etmek için, bilgisayarın programlarına ya da verilerine zarar veren programlar üreten kişilere hacker denir.

C) Hacker adı verilen bazı kullanıcılar, bilgisayarların hem programlarına hem de verilerine zarar verebilen programlar üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarını sabote etmektedir.

D) Hacker diye adlandırılan bazı sabotajcılar, bilgisayar programlan üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarına ya da verilerine zarar vermeye çalışmaktadır.

E) Hackerlar, bilgisayarın sadece prog ramlarına değil verilerine de zarar verebilen programları, başkalarının bilgisayarlarına sabote etmek amacıyla üretirler.

60- Although they seem to offer an escape from problems for a few hours, in fact, drugs create more problems than solutions.

A) Sorunlardan sadece birkaç saatliğine kaçış sağlamaya yarayan uyuşturucular aslında sorunları daha da büyütürler.

B) Uyuşturucular sorunları gerçek anlamda çözmez, sadece kişiyi birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan uzaklaştırır.

C) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçış sağlıyor gibi görünseler de aslında uyuşturucular çözümden daha çok sorun yaratırlar.

D) Sorunlarından sadece birkaç saatliğine uzaklaşmak için uyuşturuculara baş vuran biri, gerçekte kendine daha büyük bir sorun yaratmıştır.

E) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçmada yaran görülmüşse de uyuşturucular sorunlan çözmez, daha çok sorun yaratırla

	61-75. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca  en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.

 

61- Everyone should save water as it is not only economical but also resourceful.

A) All of us must have used less water as we have saved a lot of money on our water bill.

B) Every person must try to use less water not in order to save money but to save valuable resources.

C) Everybody ought to save water because by doing so, they will save both money and this resource.

D) Using less water should be everybody's concern as it saves valuable resources.

E) Someone must have used a lot of water as our water has cost more than usual.

62- I will let you take the dog for a walk, but you are not to take off its lead at any time.

A) I will allow you to walk the dog; however, you must not take his lead off at all,

B) Our dog should not be let. off his lead at any time, so you can't take H for a walk.

C) We used to take off the dog's lead during walks, but now I find it dangerous.

D) You were supposed to take the dog's lead off while you were walking it.

E) I won't let you take the dog for a walk until you promise not to let it loose.

63- You might have difficulty finding the files for some of these customers on the list, so ask me if you need any help.

A) Perhaps you would have found it easier to work on these customer files if you had asked for my assistance.

B) I could have helped you find the files on these customers, but I didn't know you were having trouble.

C) You were supposed to find the files on all of these customers on your own, but you needed my help when you had trouble.

D) Ask me if you require assistance as it is possible that you won't find all these customers' files easily.

E) You must have had difficulty finding the files on some of these customers, but you should have asked for help.

64- If you would prefer us not to supply an alarm with the vehicle, we can provide a cheaper price.

A) I'm afraid we cannot supply an alarm with the vehicle at such a cheap price.

B) We would much rather supply an alarm with the vehicle, but this, of course, increases the price.

C) Would you like us to supply an alarm with the vehicle, which we will be able to include in our price?

D) As you've asked us to supply an alarm with the vehicle, you'll have to pay extra money for that.

E) We can give you a better price if you would rather we didn't supply the vehicle with an alarm.

65- If we can get a baby-sitter on Saturday, let's go for a meal at that Italian restaurant by the river.

A) We should have got a baby-sitter on Saturday, so we could have gone for an Italian meal by the river.

B) Why don't we eat at that Italian restaurant by the river on Saturday if we can find someone to look after the baby?

C) Shall we ask our baby-sitter to stay up for Saturday night so that we can go to that Italian restaurant by the river?

D) We needn't have hired someone to look after the baby on Saturday, as we didn't go to the Italian restaurant by the river after all.

E) We were able to get someone to look after the baby on Saturday, so we went to the Italian restaurant by the river.

66- I've just learned from the doctor that Peter has to stay in hospital until they remove his stitches.

A) According to what the doctor has just told me, Peter can only leave the hospital after they have taken his stitches out.

B) The doctor has just informed me that Peter wants to leave the hospital as soon as they have taken his stitches out.

C) According to the doctor, they might allow Peter to go home from the hospital when they have taken his stitches out.

D) As far as I know, the doctors ought to have    taken his stitches out before they allowed  Peter to leave the hospital.

E) I know that Peter has to stay in hospital a little longer because the doctors still haven't taken  his stitches out.

67- Rather than buying curtains, why don't we   make them ourselves?

A) I would rather buy some curtains than make    my own.

B) Would you rather buy curtains or make them yourself?

C) Let's make our own curtains instead of buying some ready-made ones.

D) I wouldn't mind making our own curtains, if   you don't want to buy any.

E) Do you think we can manage to make our           own curtains or should we buy them?

68- We used to walk around the shopping-centre  for ages doing nothing but window-shopping when we were teenagers.

A) When we were teenagers, we went to the shopping-centre very often but rarely                 bought anything.

B) It used to take us hours to decide what to buy       at the shopping-centre when we were         teenagers.

C) For ages, window-shopping at big centres has always been quite exciting for teenagers.

D) As teenagers, we would spend hours at the shopping-centre just looking in the shop windows.

E) I shouldn't have spent so many hours           window-shopping when I was a teenager.

69- It is impossible for us to give you a further discount on this price.

A) We can only offer you another small discount on this price, and that's all.

B) There is no way we can reduce this price further.

C) We shouldn't have reduced the price so much.

D) Seeing as you can't afford it, we'll have to drop our price.

E) I can assure you that our price is the lowest you will find anywhere.

70- You ought to have asked for the departure times of the trains yesterday.

A) You shouldn't have left home yesterday without knowing the departure times for trains.

B) It was a mistake on your part not to have found out departure times for trains yesterday.

C) You were supposed to find out the departure times for trains yesterday, not today.

D) You couldn't have learned the departure times for trains yesterday even if you'd tried to.

E) They ought to have told you the train times yesterday when you asked them.

71- He had better hand me his report today, or I'll inform the manager.

A) The manager ought to deal with employees who fail to give me their reports.

B) He was supposed to hand me his report today, but he didn't, so I've told the manager.

C) I had no alternative but to tell the manager because he failed to give me his report again.

D) I would rather not inform the manager, but I think I have to because he won't give me his report today.

E)  I'll let the manager know if he fails to give me his report today.

72- Would you mind if I picked you up half an hour later?

A) I won't be able to get there to pick you up for half an hour.

B) Would you pick me up thirty minutes later than usual, if you don't mind?

C) If that's all right with you, can I pick you up thirty minutes later?

D) Can I collect you in half an hour if that won't make you late for work?

E) Do you want me to pick you up in half an hour?

73- He must have been on his way to class; otherwise, he would have stopped to chat.

A) I'm pretty sure he was on his way to his lesson and couldn't stop to talk.

B) I saw him on his way to his lesson, but he still had time to stop and talk.

C) I saw him going to his lesson, but, instead of stopping to chat, he ignored me.

D) If he had been on his way to class, he wouldn't have stopped for a chat.

E) He is always late for his lessons and never has time to stop to chat.

74- It's possible that he hurt your feelings unintentionally.

A) You may not have heard him properly.

B) He might not have meant to hurt your feelings.

C) He should have told you about that without hurting your feelings.

D) He couldn't have explained this without hurting your feelings.

E) As far as I can see, he hurt your feelings deeply, though not on purpose.

75- However worthless they may seem to most of us. antique hand-crafted buttons are avidly collected by enthusiasts.

A) In the opinion of many, collecting antique hand-crafted buttons is a complete waste of time.

B) Most of us may not be aware of the value of hand-crafted buttons; however, enthusiasts spend a fortune on them.

C) It's surprising how many people are enthusiastically taking up the hobby of  hand-crafted antique button collecting.

D) Collectors enthusiastically make antique hand-crafted button collections despite their apparent worthlessness to most of us.

E) I think most people would agree that making a worthwhile collection of hand-crafted buttons takes enthusiasm.

TEST YOURSELF
1.C	2. B	3. A	4.D	5.C	6.E	7.A	8.A	9.B	10.E
11.D	12.D	13.E	14.C	15.A	16.D	17.B	18.E	19.E	20. D
21.A	22.B	23.C	24.B	25.D	26.A	27.C	28.C	29.E	30.B
31.E	32.C	33.D	34.A	35.A	36.E	37.A	38.B	39.C	40 .A
41.B	42.E	43.E	44. D	45.E	46. B	47. D	48.C	49 .A	50.D
51.D	52.E	53.B	54.C	55.A	56. B	57.E	58.D	59.A	60.C
61.C	62.A	63.D	64.E	65.B	66.A	67.C	68.D	69.B	70.B
71.E	72. C	73.A	74.B	75.D